What Is Chemical Kinetics

Chemical kinetics is the study of chemical processes and rates of reactions. This includes the analysis of conditions that affect speed of a chemical reaction, understanding reaction mechanisms and transition states, and forming mathematical models to predict and describe a chemical reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction usually  has units of sec-1, however, kinetics experiments may span several minutes, hours, or even days. Also Known As Chemical kinetics may also be called reaction kinetics or simply kinetics. Chemical Kinetics History The field of chemical kinetics developed from the law of mass action, formulated in 1864 by Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg. The law of mass action states the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the amount of reactants. Jacobus vant Hoff studied chemical dynamics. His 1884 publication Etudes de dynamique chimique led to the 1901 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which was the first year the Nobel prize was awarded). Some chemical reactions may involve complicated kinetics, but the basic principles of kinetics are learned in high school and college general chemistry classes. Key Takeaways: Chemical Kinetics Chemical kinetics or reaction kinetic is the scientific study of the rates of chemical reactions.This includes the development of mathematical model to describe the rate of reaction and an analysis of the factors that affect reaction mechanisms.Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg are credited with pioneering the field of chemical kinetics by describing the law of mass action. The law of mass action states the speed of a reaction is proportional to the amount of reactants.Factors that affect the rate of a reaction include concentration of reactants and other species, surface area, the nature of the reactants, temperature, catalysts, pressure, whether there is light, and the physical state of the reactants. Rate Laws and Rate Constants Experimental data is used to find reaction rates, from which rate laws and chemical kinetics rate constants are derived by applying the law of mass action. Rate laws allow for simple calculations for zero order reactions, first order reactions, and second order reactions. The rate of a zero-order reaction is constant and independent of the concentration of reactants.rate kThe rate of a first-order reaction is proportional to the concentration of one reactants:rate k[A]The rate of a second order reaction has a rate proportional to the square of the concentration of a single reactant or else the product of the concentration of two reactants.rate k[A]2 or k[A][B] Rate laws for individual steps must be combined to derive laws for more complex chemical reactions. For these reactions: There is a rate-determining step that limits the kinetics.The Arrhenius equation and Eyring equations may be used to experimentally determine activation energy.Steady-state approximations may be applied to simplify the rate law. Factors That Affect Chemical Reaction Rate Chemical kinetics predicts the rate of a chemical reaction will be increased by factors that increase the kinetic energy of the reactants (up to a point), leading to increased likelihood the reactants will interact with each other. Similarly, factors that decrease the chance of reactants colliding with each other may be expected to lower the reaction rate. The main factors that affect reaction rate are: concentration of reactants (increasing concentration increases reaction rate)temperature (increasing temperature increases reaction rate, up to a point)presence of catalysts (catalysts offer a reaction a mechanism that requires a lower activation energy, so the presence of a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction)physical state of reactants (reactants in the same phase may come into contact via thermal action, but surface area and agitation affect reactions between reactants in different phases)pressure (for reactions involving gases, raising pressure increases the collisions between reactants, increasing reaction rate) Note that while chemical kinetics can predict the rate of a chemical reaction, it does not determine the extent to which the reaction occurs. Thermodynamics is used to predict equilibrium. Sources Espenson, J.H. (2002). Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-288362-6.  Guldberg, C. M.; Waage,P. (1864). Studies Concerning Affinity  Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i ChristianiaGorban, A. N.; Yablonsky. G. S. (2015). Three Waves of Chemical Dynamics. Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 10(5).Laidler, K. J. (1987). Chemical Kinetics (3rd ed.). Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-043862-2.Steinfeld J. I., Francisco J. S.; Hase W. L. (1999). Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-737123-3.

Johannes Kepler, The Father Of Modern Astronomy - 1575 Words

Johannes Kepler, the â€Å"Father of Modern Astronomy†, had an enormous impact on different aspects of science and mathematics such as geometry, physics, optics, crystallography and philosophy, eventually paving the way for more like-minded thinkers. His mathematical proofs supporting the heliocentric model of the universe was essential to progressing the scientific revolution. He reflected the Renaissance ideals of education, secularism, and observation while bridging medieval astronomy with modern science. His research and studies contributed to the unraveling of his three laws of planetary motion. Kepler pushed the need to question authority and gave future scientists the tools to begin mapping the universe. Johannes Kepler’s aptitude for†¦show more content†¦Kepler’s first two laws were the law of orbits, which stated that the planets had elliptical orbits, and the law of areas, which proves that all planets in our solar system travel at different speeds during their orbit. Kepler explained his way of thinking while he was discovering these laws when he said, â€Å"Now, because they could not be disregarded, these eight minutes alone will lead us along a path to the reform of the whole of Astronomy, and they are the matter for a great part of this work â€Å"(Kepler,133). Astronomia Nova replaced the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems and made Kepler the first to use mathematical proofs to validate his scientific theories. Kepler enjoyed challenging the rules of society, religion, and especially mathematics. Everything he did seemed to have a deep philosophical meaning behind it because of his extremely complex way of thinking, which caused him to always stand firm in his beliefs. One good example of this is his critique of algebra. Although Kepler lived during the flowering of modern algebra, he chose to discard it and instead use classical geometry. Kepler enjoyed the flow and symmetry that went with along with geometry and frequently compared these harmonies to music. He wrote a book on the comparison of geometry and music called Harmonies of the World. Pesic describes Kepler’s commitment to geometry when he says, â€Å"Kepler treats mathematics, particularly geometry, as aShow MoreRelatedJohannes Kepler Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesJohannes Kepler Johannes Kepler is now remembered for discovering the three laws of planetary motion, and writing about them in books that were published in 1609 and 1619. He also did important work in optics, discovered two new regular polyhedra, gave the first mathematical treatment of close packing of equal spheres, gave the first proof of how logarithms worked, and devised a method of finding the volumes of solids of revolution. This can be seen as contributingRead MoreKeplers Laws Essay examples1479 Words   |  6 Pagesname was Johannes Kepler. Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 in the village of Leonberg outside the small town of Weil der Stadt, in Swabia. His father was a mercenary soldier and his mother the daughter of an innkeeper. Johannes was their first child out of seven children. His father left home for the last time when Johannes was five, and is believed to have died in the war of the Netherlands. As a child, Johannes lived with his mother in his grandfathers inn. When Kepler was a childRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution1263 Words   |  6 PagesCopernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Brahe, used previous scientific principles and their own genius to make advances in science that are still being used today. Scientific pamphlets, the telescope, observations of the universe and the creation of laws for planetary motion are some of the major advances that came out of the revolution and that were found by the scientists of its time. Nicholas Coperincus (1473-1543) was born in Poland where he studied mathematics and astronomy. In 1504, CopernicusRead MoreNicholas Copernicus : Heroes And Villains933 Words   |  4 Pagesuniverse and that all planets orbit the Sun. This drastic idea would fundamentally change astronomy and led to the Scientific Revolution, a period when scientific research skyrocketed, even though there was resistance from the religious leaders of the time. Copernicus was a hero because his development of the heliocentric theory led to a significant impact on future astronomers and led to the birth of modern science. Copernicus’ discoveries had a significant effect on the scientists, astronomers,Read MoreScientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1548 Words   |  7 PagesScientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changesRead MoreWhat Is Science and Where Did It Come From?928 Words   |  4 PagesCopernicus worked on a heliocentric model- where the Earth is simply one of several planets, which orbit the sun. The next man we come to be Johannes Kepler, who contributes the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler studied the orbits of the planets and sought to discern some grand scheme that defined the structure of the universe according to simple geometry. Kepler also put together three laws of planetary motion: first, the planets rotate in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the centers. TheRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century616 Words   |  2 Pagesimportant periods in human history took place in the 16th and 17th century. We refer to it now as the Scientific Revolution. This period of scientific discovery led to a new age of understanding about the universe and our place in it. Some of the modern mathematics that we use today were invented during this period. Until this time, the way we understood our place in the universe was based on the views of philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato. We believed in things like the world was the centerRead MoreThe Life of Jo hannes Kepler Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesThe Life of Johannes Kepler HIS LIFE Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician ho discovered that planetary motion is elliptical. Early in his life, Kepler wanted to prove that the universe obeyed Platonistic mathematical relationships, such as the planetary orbits were circular and at distances from the sun proportional to the Platonic solids (see paragraph below). However, when his friend the astronomer Tycho Brahe died, he gave Kepler his immense collection of astronomicalRead MoreThe Renaissance Essay758 Words   |  4 Pagesof education, the arts, and music. The term renaissance, meaning literally â€Å"rebirth.† Modern scholars have exploded the myth that the Middle Ages were dark and dormant. The thousand years preceding the Renaissance were filled with achievements. Because of the scriptoria (writing rooms) of medieval monasteries, Latin writers, such as Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, and Seneca, were preserved. The legal system of modern continental Europe had its origin in the development of c ivil and canon law in the 12thRead More Copernicus Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesMagazine; in part for his movements in though during the scientific revolution; creating a basis for modern astronomy and challenging the Church (of the 15th century) to lead the way to a reform in thinking. He did so by disproving (mathematically) a theory of the heavens that had existed for almost 14 centuries, established by a man named Charles Ptolemy in 250 AD. Copernicus revolutionized astronomy by creating a solid basis for it to stand on, discovering that quot;The Earth was not the centre of

Cameron Auto Parts Case Study free essay sample

Cameron Auto Parts was founded in 1965 after the signing of the U. S. and Canada Auto Pact. The main consumers were the Big Three automotive manufacturers and the company prospered in this new business environment. In 2000, problems started to occur in the company. First, a consequent drop of the sales of more than 50% happened. Second, the Japanese were great competitors and took advantage of the market opportunities in Canada. Alex took the control in 2001 in order to implement a process of modernization of the company. His â€Å"operation survival† consists of cutting the production costs by being more focused on the workforce (mainly lay-offs). Although is it difficult to manage a financial problem, Cameron faced serious â€Å"gaps† in this function. In 2003, the situation of Alex familial company is stabilized, even if there is a need to invest in another plant. As Cameron was not financially ready to make such a progress, the first option was, on one end, to wait and generate more profits leading to more financial stability through exports. We will write a custom essay sample on Cameron Auto Parts Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other end, the company can choose to license the production of the flexible coupling with McTaggart. In this case, Cameron is the licensor and McTaggart, the licensee. The licensor shares patents, copyrights or trademarks and gets royalty fees in return. In 2004, Alex signed a five years licensing agreement with McTaggart. Following this agreement, McTaggart had to pay $100,000 fee in advance in order to help Cameron to recover and a royalty of 3% on the first $1 million of sales and 2% on the second. In case McTaggart reached a higher level of technology, it would also have the obligation to share at least one of them with Cameron. Alex realized that the plant cannot afford both systems because the costs of expanding the activity were too high and required too many of the companys resources. Moreover, the companys financial situation could not permit Cameron to implement a plant expansion. The potential in the European market is a great way to expand a business although the culture is different. It is difficult to adapt a North American business system to a European system. Exporting to the European market means that the average European customer will have to pay the international fees (about 20 per cent more than North Americans because of taxes). By granting McTaggart a license, Alex ensures a quick and minimize the risks while penetrating the U. K and European markets. Although there are many advantages when licensing, there are other consequences such as sharing not only profits, but also knowledge, and so Cameron’s intellectual property. The advantages of licensing McTaggart are numerous. The low investment costs, reduced financial risks, and economies of scope are very interesting when implementing an activity’s expansion. Cameron is concerned about its financial situation and licensing provides them a higher security. It is a quick market entry with a minimized risk of poor performance from the licensee, McTaggart, which is already and directly running operations in the U. K. On the contrary, the risk of image loss, the distance between both countries leading to communication losses, the lack of revenue, and the shared profits are some disadvantages to take into account when implementing a license strategy. Exporting also has its advantages and disadvantages. First, it provides independence, a higher control over the quality of final products, economies of scale, and a higher, non-shared profit. In this case, disadvantages are numerous. The lack of capacity of Cameron limits its ability to expand its business through exports. Plus, the different currency represents a risk as currencies’ value varies greatly on the short term. There are also high investment costs, a limited knowledge of the U. K. and European market, the costs of transportation and the trade barriers. Considering the companys financial situation, the costs and risks of penetrating a new market, we think that Alex should license McTaggart. It is clear that McTaggart is the perfect business partner. This company owns all the tools necessary to concretely produce and sell the flexible couplings. They are able to sell the product very fast and build a strong and sustainable relationship with Cameron. McTaggart is experienced in this business and Cameron can benefit from it to increase production capacities. They have a solid reputation and a great financial situation. The sales persons are very involved concerning the marketing and selling of the products. They have high manufacturing capacities and are willing to invest and develop the manufacturing capability to efficiently produce the flexible couplings. Additionally, their client base is essential. Licensing McTaggart is the best choice Cameron can do to improve its situation.

The Problems of Work Place Related Disorders in HRM

Juliet Bourke on Flexibility Evaluation of strategic threats and opportunities is important for an organisation in execution of strategic plans and decision making when managing labour during economic downturn. Company’s success and productivity depend on organisation of the human resource management, and how the same relate to flexibility.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Problems of Work Place Related Disorders in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reflectively, labour as a factor of production, determines the gross output, performance, and goal achievement at optimal resource use. In implementing flexibility policy, it is important to consider budget constraint. As opined by Juliet, this is no longer the case. For instance, following the short term need for restructuring and remaining solvent, companies have over relied on these short term counteractive strategies in managing labour, and are o ften characterized by overwork since the numbers of employees are reduced. Secondly, the modern human resource management has remained fairly irresponsive to sudden swings and very sensitive to changes in work condition. Due to the shift in flexibility, employees have suffered heavily, since the communication system for implementing changes seems to target interests of the company. In the end, the limited flexibility may give way to redundancy, lack of performance evaluation processes, poor employee testing, and unhealthy work culture. Flexibility is often compromised in companies facing uncertainty. In real sense, there should be a balancing system that is critical in improving leadership skills, evaluation skills, promoting creativity, and rewarding outstanding achievements. Therefore, the basis for flexibility implementation should function on a comprehensive analysis of how employers facilitate work-life balance during an economic downturn. Therefore, the concept should remain r elevant even during economic downturn. Sharing the same sentiments with Juliet, it is apparent that human resource may end up seriously underdeveloped despite the fact that labour determines total output. Despite the fact that economic downturn is short term, fresh initiatives for correcting previous mistakes put in structures by management are not enough.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In agreement with Juliet, the modern flexibility practices have not adopted an inclusive career development plan. Instead, it works on assumptions that the labour force is fully developed and well trained. Besides, the modern flexibility system lacks aspect of innovation, skills, and motivation evaluation as part of work-life balance. Magnitude of change is quantum because changes involving culture, structure and strategy of the company are required. This form of change is necessary in the cases of companies attempting to restructure their human resource component during the economic downturn. However, sharing same sentiments with Juliet, modern flexibility plans lack leadership responsibility, performance efficiency, and continuous motivational policies which facilitate responsive management. Implications of Excessive Working Hours on Employees and Managers In any organisation, there is always a laid down structure formulated in order to keep its staff in healthy and stable mind in their duty of serving company’s interest. A stable mind performs optimally with little or no supervision. In nearly all formal and informal organisation(s), there always exists work related stress. If not streamlined, its effects can be catastrophic both to the organisation and the staff. In addition, unhealthy workforce in the medium and long term is inversely proportional to goal achievement. Therefore, excessive working hours might reduce the effectiveness and sustainability of counter strategies implemented throughout various company departments or structures aimed at noticing and influencing right behavior at all levels; a key factor in addressing redundancy and healthcare issues. Since all the working class adults in most organisations spend most of their waking hours at the work place, employers are given a unique opportunity to establish and monitor a desirable culture to improve and maintain a healthy workforce. These may be in form of psychological trainings, sharing common experience, value and beliefs, attitudes, and group interests. However, excessive working hours alter these and may have a negative result on ways of interaction, commitment at work and confidence of the employees.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Problems of Work Place Related Disorders in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Excessive working hours make the work environment less holistic and soci ally friendly to management and other staff. Besides, it limits structural goals developed in the norms, expectations of specific behavior display, and appropriate guideline controlling interaction with one another. In addition, excessive working hours reduce response to stimulus as it is aligned to negative organisational values characterized by inconsistent operations, emotional imbalance, and poor health. Moreover, excessive working hours break the informal rule of engagement, expected behavior, and repercussions for misconduct as little time is allocated for personal development. Consequently, when people feel overworked, they will naturally give their least towards achieving goals of such an organisation. Organisations apply human relation management system alongside stressing on rationality and autonomy of staff that perform at optimal levels when constantly motivated. For any outstanding achievement, one is given a reward, and/or promotion as a way of earning their loyalty. A s human nature dictates, an enticement that is offered from time to time may lead to a deep attachment with the object over which such a motivation is given. Motivation can be expressed in the form of salary review and increment, recognition for a well performed duty, equality, and fair treatment. Whenever there is a strong professional relationship nurtured in the values of appreciation and respect, hidden talents are easily displayable and are needed for organisational sustainability. However, excessive working hours may hinder the display of these special talents among the staff members. Workplace stress is a depression resulting from an interaction of a person with his/her work environment leading to an inability to balance work with other aspects of life. Thus, it attracts systematic buildup of negative emotional response in the person.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of stress, thus referred to as stressors, are elements or circumstances leading a person to anticipate a feeling of exceeding psychological and physical demands on the ability to comfortably cope up with a situation. Though difficult to explain a definite cause, stressors mostly are associated with long working hours and poor balance between work and rest. As the bucket model theory asserts, stress matures up upon complete drainage of a person’s bank of personal resilience as a result of work conflicts, unfavorable working conditions, and emotionally straining assignments outweighing supportive relationships, interesting works, rest and good health. Unfortunately, excessive working hours is a primary contributor to the above ailments. Ways of facilitating Work-Life Balance during Economic Downturn To handle effectively work place related disorders, as a result of imbalance between ‘Life and Work’, it is vital for an employer to concentrate on establishing a good work place ethics as a security strategy for confidential sharing of work related hiccups with the employer or a trusted staff mate.  Through this, the company will be in a position to draw a practical and satisfactory flexibility plan for its staff. In addition, especially during economic downturn, an employer should concentrate on preventive policy of creating informal inter-group meetings where the staff is given an opportunity to share experiences and encourage each other, while owning the option of accepting or rejecting extensive working hours beyond the regular ones. Besides, it is vital to create an interesting, peaceful, and comfortable working environment where employees will be motivated to be part of the seriously needed restructuring. The employer should create a short-term and properly structure appraisal procedure which encompasses and reflects the actual performance by the staff members. Therefore, actual performance of the department during crisis should no t be appropriate for making comparison with the forecasts. The best way to motivate employees is to give them responsibilities for achieving something. Through this approach, employees will be empowered and they will feel trusted and valued by the management personnel. Naturally, employees will be motivated by mutual consent and internalized empowerment and appreciation. Empowerment unleashes plenty of energy and motivation. Reflectively, the motivational and energy aspects of appreciation function simultaneously at micro and macro levels to facilitate optimal functionality or productivity even during the crisis. In real sense, there should be a balancing system that is critical in improving leadership skills, evaluation skills, promoting creativity, and rewarding outstanding achievements. Conclusively, participatory integration of alterations within the workforce is vital in executing flexibility exercises especially during economic downturn. As noted in the Company ‘Virgin B lue’, which has been struggling with a human resource management problem, is as a result of financial constraints during economic meltdown. Irrespective of the consequences of a change element, the dynamic essence of change proponent would not facilitate any state of quagmire as the unnecessary pressure associated with change would be integrated within the flexibility matrix. This case study on The Problems of Work Place Related Disorders in HRM was written and submitted by user Cable to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.