The Technological Breakthroughs of the 20th Century

Although circadian oscillations are egotismsustaining, they do not exist in complete liberty from the environment. Rather they are coupled and entrained by various foreign influences, or synchronizers. One primary synchronizer, the photoperiod, is defined as the " balance of clean-living hours to darkness." This oscillating environmental cue is thought to dictate circadian timing through some sort of long suitdependent physiological mechanism (Czeisler et al., 1986, p. 667).

In general, high speed become over a distance of more than 4 clock regularises causes a shift in the body's circadian circles resulting in desynchronosis (Endo et al., 1978, p. 249). Basically, the physiological oscillations' timing falls out of phase; they then lose their coupling to environmental cues. Various symptoms may imply general malaise, stillnessiness, irritability, disorientation, confusion, cognitive impairment, decreased psychomotor performance, and distorted perceptions of time and distance (Suvanto et al., 1990, p. 543). In addition, digestive system worrys such as constipation may occur as well. The effects of desynchronosis much vary considerably from one individual to the next. For example, studies investigating stop behavior in these subjects found that the number of times nation awaken during the night can range from less than 10 to more than 50 (Dement et al., 1986, p. B26)

possibly the main consequence of desynchronization, however, is fatigue. It is thought fatigue might be caused, in part, from the peacefulness disturbance commonly experienced by long distance travelers. The condition has prompted several studies on desynchronosis among aircrews bear on long range transport trading operations. In the course of their familiar duties, these personnel experience frequent time zone changes at all times of the day and night (Nicholson et al., 1986, p. B43). Such travel could adversely affect the human body's pattern of rest and wakefulness. subsequently crossing 9 or 10 times zones, aircrews could conceivably have difficulty sleeping if their circadian rhythm happened to be preset for a period of wakefulness.

In addition, factors such as the excitement of the flight and environmental distractions such as light and noise might make sleep for these people impossible. This problem is compounded by the nature of an aircrew's job. Transoceanic flight demands a high level of functioning on the part of two pilots and flight attendants: the potential risks involved in such operations are considerable (Dement et al., 1986, p. B14).

The research has revealed that alterations in aircrew sleep behavior can be strongly correlated with the care of flight. In general, crewmembers experience less sleep problems after flight from east to west. These westbound travelers experience a circadian rhythm phase delay shift. After flying, for example, from North America to Japan, aircrews typically go to bed almost immediately upon arrival. Investigators have notice that during the first night of the layover people usually progress to as much sleep as at homebase. Additionally, this sleep tends to be of good quality: although there is an observed maturation in the slow wave sleep, the westbound time zone transitions have no effect on REM sleep (Suvanto et al., 1990, p. 543). The only disturbance regularly experienced by these subjects is increase wakefulness dur
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