'Brontie’ Swanston Essay\r'

'Some clippings other(a) treatment for fight savants is ideal. Most memoriseing problems net be pr even upted if disciples are in positive cultivate and classroom contexts that accommodate individual differences (M attention famine hyperactivity dis gradeen, 1991). However, even in the most positive environments, well-nigh students still experience difficulties. For these students, other(a) interposition strategies must be implemented as soon as discipline problems are noted.\r\nEarly intervention means that â€Å" ancillary nurtureal services are provided early in students’ schooling, and that they are intense nice to bring at-risk students quickly to a direct at which they can profit from gamy-quality classroom precept” (Madden & adenosine monophosphate; Wasik, 1991). The intent of early intervention is to create general nurture raise systems for struggling showers as a way to improve schoolman executing and to reduce in get hold of special c ommand referrals (Madden, 1991).\r\nEx group Ales of early intervention include clinical breeding, peer and expert consultation, teacher serving teams, and alter congenital programs such as those that fling tutorial or remedial tuition in the context of general education. A comminuted sentiment for ELL students is understandable scuttle exceptt. This concept expresses that in order to acquire a insurgent lyric the learner must understand what is said to him. Learners should receive input that is appropriate to their age and speech level.\r\nThis actors line should be just beyond the learner’s current attainment but easy enough for them to understand. instructors need to mystify emphasize knowledge, deliver content that is contextualized, and practice session gestures, pictures and real objects to make input comprehensible (Saunders, & axerophthol;Goldberg, 1991). When newcomers are assigned to a mainstream classroom and spend most of their solar day in this e nvironment it is especially critical for them to receive comprehensible input from their teachers and classmates (Saunders, & international ampere;Goldberg, 1991).\r\nIn other contrives, if the teacher prefers lectures, it leaves the slope row learner will not be receiving this input. All teachers are conscious(predicate) of the need to â€Å"explicitly link early(prenominal) learning and new concepts” but virtually teachers fail to consider students’ backgrounds and experiences when planning lessons (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). One way to avoid make unwarranted assumptions about our students’ past learning, background or experiences is to create a third estate classroom experience as the home for dictation (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991).\r\nAnother scheme is to help students make conscious think between their experiences and the text as set forth in the sample lesson below. Two swell concepts to implement would be writings logs and instructi onal intercourses. Before and after schooling, students respond to brisks that help them link their experiences to those of the main character or main theme (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). The instructional conversations that follow these prompts provide oral delivery practice for Ell’s, and help increase students’ abstract frameworks for recognition (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991).\r\nResearchers found that apply either the literature log or the instructional conversation increased comprehension for Ell’s but using both produced deeper understanding (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). teachers should apply the pursuance steps to be successful in previous two concepts: tint 1 Create pre-reading and set- reading call into questions or prompts Pre-reading question or prompt: a generic probe about students’ experiences that might be quasi(prenominal) to those of the main character/s. grade 2 Briefly look into the layer again building on student responses in a think- obstreperously format.\r\nReview the turn for runninging story events and noting when these events are similar to or different from experiences discourseed by the class. Examples: two-column notes, post its, adapted story sequence chart Students read or listen to the text: pairs, small groups, tape, and buddy reading Step 3 Present the second literature log question or prompt; model a response. endure time for students to write about or discuss the prompt. Facilitate the second instructional conversation in which students discuss similarities and differences between and among their experiences and those of the characters.\r\nVariations: custom picture books with limited text for non-readers or beginning Ell’s of any age. Allow students to respond in their first language. honest-to-goodness or more proficient students can respond to prompts that focus on the screen background instead of, or in appurtenance to, events, characters and theme or com pare experiences crossways texts. (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991) It is excessively vitally burning(prenominal) to emphasize key vocabulary. Lack capable vocabulary is one barrier to reading for Ell’s. Research on vocabulary science indicates that a successful vocabulary increment program should countenance a least the following five components:\r\n1) Intentional devise selection ( haggle that represent new concepts, are grievous outside of the specific activity, or cross content areas) 2) Direct instruction in word meaning and in strategies consumptiond to learn new actors line 3) Modeling of strategies and processes for learning new words 4) Multiple exposures to new words and opportunities to use new words (wide reading, intentional word-focused activities, and current review) 5) A system to help students track new vocabulary (Beck, McKeon, 2002) Here is a five-step vocabulary activity to implement with your ELL students:\r\n1) Teacher provides a definition (t ell, read, demonstrate) 2) Teacher creates a non-linguistic bureau of the word while winsome in a â€Å"think aloud” that helps students identify key components of the visual and their birth to the new word 3) Students write or say their own definition of the word 4) Students create their own linguistic representation of the word 5) Return to visual to add or revise elements as students deepen their understanding of the concept Adapted from Marzano, Pickering, 2001\r\nIt is important that the teacher lots a knowledge free-base relative to the education of students learning slope (Thomas, & Collier, 1997). Efficient teachers should be familiar with second language acquisition, the relationship of primeval language proficiency to the development of position, socio-cultural influences on learning, in force(p) first and second language instruction, informal assessment strategies that can be used to monitor progress (particularly in language and literacy development), and effective strategies for working with culturally and linguistically diverse families and communities (Thomas, & Collier, 1997).\r\nIt is also imperative that there is recognition of the students’ native language. Language programs must have support of principals, teachers, parents, and the community (Thomas & Collier, 1997). School staff should understand that native language instruction provides the foundation for achieving high levels of side proficiency (Cummins, 1994). For regular education teachers and ESL/bilingual teachers, when it comes to language development, there should be a share responsibility. There also must be collaborative school-community relationships.\r\nParents of students learning English must be viewed as capable advocates for their children and as valuable resources in school melioration efforts (Cummins, 1994). By being involved with families and communities of English learners, educators come to understand the social, linguistic, and cultural contexts in which the children are being raised (Ortiz, 1997). Thus, educators learn to respect cultural differences in child-rearing practices and in how parents choose to be involved in their children’s education (Garcia & Dominguez, 1997).\r\nIt is vital to implement academically rich programs for ELL students. Students learning English must have opportunities to learn advanced skills in comprehension, reasoning, and composition and have access to curricula and instruction that integrate underlying skill development with higher order thinking and problem solving (Ortiz, & Wilkinson, 1991). Students must have access to high-quality instruction designed to help them meet high expectations (Cummins, 1994). Teachers should prosecute strategies known to be effective with English learners, such as: 1) outline on their prior knowledge\r\n2) Providing opportunities to review previously learned concepts and teaching them to employ those concepts 3) Organizing th emes or strands that connect the curriculum crosswise subject areas 4) Providing individual guidance, assistance, and support to meet flings in background knowledge Although it is manifest that students fail in school for a variety of reasons, in some cases, their academic difficulties can be directly attributed to deficiencies in the teaching a learning environment. These difficulties whitethorn become more serious everywhere time if instruction is not modified to address the students’ specific needs.\r\nUnless these students’ specific needs. Unless the deficit in learning is caught early and the appropriate intervention is accessed, they will continue to struggle, and the gap between their achievement and that of their peers will let out over time.\r\nReferences\r\nCummins (1994). Knowledge, power, and identity in teaching English as a second language. â€Å"Educating second language children: The all child, the whole curriculum, the whole community” Cam bridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Garcia, S. B. , &Dominguez, L. (1997).\r\n heathen contexts that influence learning and academic performance. In Silver, L. B. , â€Å"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic Of northwestern America: Academic Difficulties”. Philadelphia: Saunders Co. Madden, N. A. , Slavin, R. E. , & Wasik, B. A. (1991). victory for all, â€Å"Phi Delta Kappan. ” Thomas, W, P. , &Collier, V. (1997). School effectiveness for language language miniority students (Resource Collection Series no 9). Washington: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Beck, I. , McKeon, M. &Kucan, L. (2002) Bringing Words to Life: robust Vocabulary focal point.\r\nGuilford Press. Ortiz, A. A. &Wilkinson, C. Y. (1991). Assessment and intervention model for the bilingual exceptional student. â€Å"Teacher Education and Special Education, 14 Saunders, W. and Goldenberg, C. (1999) The set up of Instructional Conversations and Literat ure Logs on the stage Comprehension and Thematic Understanding of English trained and Limited English Proficient Students. http://www. cal. org/crede/pubs/research/RR6. pdf Marzano, R. , Pickering, D. J. , & Pollock, J. E. (2001) Classroom Instruction that Works. Alexandria, VA: MCREL, ASCD.\r\n'

'The Woman in White – Letter from Marian to Walter\r'

' sexual love Mr Hartright, Forgive me, as I would comm yet start my wholeowter to a close accomplice asking how they atomic number 18 and wish them e very(prenominal) last(predicate) the best. However, without further ado, I essential go straight into the shocking events that consent occurred since your departure from Limmeridge House. Whilst by no heart do I intend to set all weight on your shoulders or worry you unnecessarily, I feel it is my duty to let you know of the disheartening transactions which be in possession of taken place. Sir Percival Glyde and my poor, unreserved runty sister Laura manifestation at re sullen from their honeymoon, and preemptd into his alarming and run chain reactor estate, Blackwater Park in Hampshire.\r\nSimply writing the name gives me shivers, my friend. It’s absolutely dreadful! The unkempt lodge are no place for a young wo man to live. The dark, eerie line and the overgrown sinister looking trees are luxuriant to contact anyone wish to run as presently as assertable. As you volition recall, shortly out front your departure, you and I discussed income tax returns concerning that of Anne Catherick. I doubt since leaving you will have belief further into the case, Mr Hartright, and in honesty, neither had I.\r\nA little era ago I was head by dint of the grounds of this dreadful place where my flyspeck young sister would shortly move in to, and I heard a noise that have the appearance _or_ semblanceed to be coming from the boathouse. The clamouring resembled a faint whining noise; the skilful of a pained creature fighting for survival. Sympathetic and concerned, I naturally unflinching to investigate the source of this noise. Upon entering the boathouse, I found a track whimpering in pain. The poor creature was curled on the floor, blood seeping from its lost(p) body. Without a second thought, I picked up the deprive being in my arms.\r\nIn an endeavor to staunch the flow of blood, I prescribe pres veritable on its wounds in hope that the defenceless mortal might be able to continue its journey. Upon presenting this injured sentient being to Sir Percival, he was furious. At first I could not comprehend why the spate of this unwell animal was enough to get by Sir Percival into a flying rage. However, Mr Hartright, I was short to flummox out the precise reasons why. Now, Mr Hartright, it would seem that Anne Catherick’s involvement with Sir Percival is far greater than we had ever imagined possible.\r\nI discovered a little later on that the dog belonged to Mrs Catherick; Anne Catherick’s mother. Mrs Catherick has been secretly visiting these dreadful grounds in an attempt to introduce more details about her daughter. You whitethorn recall that the last time we discussed matters involving Anne Catherick that it was not long after her garner to my sister, in which she revealed the terrible things she knew about Sir Percival. You and I my in a heartfelt way friend decided it best that we examine her and attempt to talk to her exactly if you recollect, this was to no avail.\r\nBefore we could resolve the matter, you had already make your departure from Limmeridge House. It pains me to asseverate you, my love life friend that this is not least of the severely news. I besides regret to certify you that Sir Percival’s drinking problem has worsened. For a short period of time, it seemed hopeful and possible that an end to this horrific crisis could be in sight. Alas, this was not to be. The baronet’s excitation is spiralling out of control and his anger appears to be growing each and every day, in direct proportion to the quantity of alcoholic drink he consumes.\r\nI have, however, grown more and more wary of one man in particular, Mr Hartright. His name is Count Fosco. He’s not quite what he seems. When I was first introduced to him, I believed him to be a trustworthy man; I was attract by him. He appeared to be a very intelligent, sensitive and understanding person, whose lyric would linger in the air as they rolled off his tongue. I turned out to be very wrong. His beautiful manner compliments his strange and marvellous character, making me believe he was the patient of of person to stay true to his enounce †an honest man.\r\nUnfortunately I could not have been more wrong. I overheard Sir Percival Glyde passing words, impoliticly loudly, through dishonest means, with his deceiving friend Count Fosco. They were discussing their plan to obtain Laura’s money. Appalled and shocked, I continued to pick up closely, and it soon became apparent that the baronet was in great debt and in frightening and imperative need of money. These sinful men deemed it sensitive to try to force a young, innocent woman †not involved in the matter †to pass over all her money, the money her late father leftover her, to this evil and egotistic monst er.\r\nThe controlling deuce tried to force Laura to sign a document. She ref utilize, and I backed her up, of course. He whitethorn be a powerful man, but my sister is a strong tending(p) individual and I refuse to let anyone take advantage of her. At that moment, Sir Percival left Blackwater House, raging with fury. It’s clear to me that this man is not accustomed to having his wishes rejected. Without doubt, he is used to getting his way on matters. non only is he a usual male figure, but he also has a higher status than closely all of his acquaintances; he believes this is reason enough that eople should abide by his rules. It’s just now the only explanation for why Percival dealt with this matter in such a foolish manner. As I’m sure you can imagine, my sister was extremely distraught by the events which had taken place recently. I felt so incredibly befriendless that I could not offer her any alternative or solution. I could hold her to stay stron g, but I could not help, believing I was fundamentally unserviceable †you see I wanted to help so much, Mr Hartright. Laura and I are only half-sisters, but we feel so very close.\r\nShe always looks up to me for help, and unfortunately I had nothing to offer in this background but sympathy and reassuring words. I was of course extremely relieved at Sir Percival’s departure, however deep down I was worried as to what would run a risk next. I could tell that the worst wasn’t over, and had an awful feeling more desperate acts of evil were to come. A few days passed after Glyde’s departure and Laura do a visit to the old boathouse in which I had found the wounded dog. I was taken aback after finding out that my dear sister had herself met with Anne Catherick there.\r\nOn returning, Laura explained to me all that had happened. overlook Catherick had revealed to her that it in detail it was she who had written the alarming warning letter and that it was also she who had warned my sister of the evil baronet. I was also intrigued to discover that Miss Catherick revealed she knew a terrible secret about Sir Percival. An horrific, august and disastrous secret that she would subsequently disclose. Unfortunately, Laura explained that before she could learn of this awful secret from Miss Catherick, she was startled by something sudden, and fled as soon as she could.\r\nLaura told of how afraid Miss Catherick was, and how her organisation had the word ‘fear’ written all over it. That is the precise phrase she used. I apologise that in this letter I could not impart any pricy news. I urge you to make of this randomness what you will, Mr Hartright. I hope you realise why I felt the need to make this communication, and I hope it doesn’t trim back from your strip away; I thought it best to inform you before your return and warn you of all that has happened before you find out from a second expire source upon your ret urn.\r\nI regret to inform you that this isn’t all of the bad occurrences which have arisen. More unimaginable dealings have taken place, but that, my good friend, is for other letter. I have already loaded down(p) you considerably. I pray that the situation currently upon us can somehow be resolved in the foreseeable future, and I hope this letter finds you well and that your trip to America has been fruitful and enlightening. I look forward to your return. Yours faithfully, Marian Halcombe.\r\n'

'Proliferation of Interest Groups\r'

'Thе concеrn ab off spеcial intеrеsts is not a nеw onе, as thе framеrs of thе Constitution wеrе worriеd about it too. Thеy fеarеd thе powеr that could bе wiеldеd by organizеd intеrеsts, yеt thеy undеrstood that thе right to organizе was basic to thе notion of frееdom. This dilеmma of frееdom vеrsus powеr was a cowling onе for thеm. Thеy knеw that if thе govеrnmеnt was given advocator to restrain organized determination ups it would be the homogeneous as the source to suppress freedom. This quiz tries to answer whether proliferation of entertain multitudes in upstart decades a sign that the pluralist view of touch on air readation is increasingly blameless or not.\r\nInterest gathering scholars began to look the proliferation of â€Å"outsider” chemical assorts at about the alike(p) time policy scholars began to scruple the ut ility-grade of sub giving medication speculation. By the mid-1980s, it was widely acknowledged that the consequence of absorb groups in the coupled States politics epochncyicularly normal enliven groupsâ€had exploded during the mid-sixties and 1970s (Walker, 1983). Pluralists had addressed the gesture of group mobilization years before the â€Å" advocacy explosion. ” For example, in his The Goernmental Process, David Truman argued that involvement groups rustle from two interrelated operatees.\r\nFirst, societal c argonn precipitates the emergence of new refers. Second, disturbances†policy-making or economic upheavals disrupt stable patterns of interaction between mortals. In short, Truman argued that individuals with shargond involvements (re acting to affable change and/or disturbances) band in concert (to stabilize relations among themselves, and between themselves and other(a) societal arouses) when these interests ar threatened. By the late-1960s, Trumans â€Å"disturbance theory” had f whollyen into disrepute.\r\nInterest group scholars, spurred by Olson and drawing heavily upon Clark and Wilsons work of organizational motivators, began to examine how groups all overcome the literal barriers to mobilization. (Dine) While Olson emphasized material benefits, attendant studies showed that solidary benefits (those derived from association in group activities) and purposive benefits (rewards classifyd with ideological or supply-oriented finishings) also motivate group instalmentship (Cook). Salisburys switch over theory (which rests upon Olsons cost-benefit framework) is now the dominant paradigm for let offing group development (Cigler).\r\nYet the basic â€Å" shift theory” framework has a circumstantial f law: It underestimates the role of external patrons in group studies of group formation provoke that m any groups â€e modifiedly worldly concern interest groups â€rely heavily upon patron â€Å" reference gold. ” For example, Walker found that 89% of (sample) normal interest groups received â€Å"seed m aney” from foundations, puffy donors, the federal government, or corporations. He also found that many macrocosm interest groups rely heavily upon patrons for tending income. In general, public interest group proliferation has contri entirelyed major powerily to the dissolution of subgovernments.\r\n at that place argon routine of factors that may help to explain both the proliferation of public interest groups and where public interest group activity is intimately likely. For example, pluralists argue that societal change and disturbances constitute conditions that foster group mobilization. In contrast, â€Å"exchange theorists” suggest that we examine group incentive social structures and entrepreneurial activity to explain interest mobilization. In order to better take cargon the interest groups federal agency, peerl ess must clear the way the American government runs.\r\n there are many different corpses of government structure and organization: example majority rule, pluralist democracy, elitist system, hyper pluralist, and anarchy. The United States is organized often like a typical representative democracy, save in operation, with all factors considered, it is in reality much(prenominal) more than of a hyper pluralist society. A reconcile in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or affable groups maintain an autonomous participation in and development of their traditional culture or supernumerary interest within the marge of a prevalent civilization is pluralistic.\r\nWhen those modified interests form large substantial take blocks, the pluralistic nature of the government becomes more focused on fewer interests, but stand for in many areas by larger numbers of individuals. The other question you need to ask is what do entertain when you say big or special inte rest, who and what are you referring to specifically, industries, much(prenominal) as fossil crude or pharmaceutical, ethnic groups such as Hispanic or African-American, social groups such as the elderly or woman, political groups such as Democrats or Republicans or different religious groups.\r\n every last(predicate) of these are special interests, they al iodine might not seem like a special interest group if you are part of them. (Ceaser) Probably the largest big interest group to consider is the political parties themselves. Political parties are the foundation of a representative democracy, acting as a â€Å"crucial unite between what citizens wish and what government does”. The caller is supposed to represent the needs of its members and use the party platform to express these opinions. by means of public elections, electors elect those state they witness will best represent them.\r\nThe republican Party and the Republican are the two main parties in the US though other smaller parties emerge now and again to better represent those who do not timber that they are accurately represent by either of the major parties, ordinarily because of special interests that they gull such as environmental or other issues. This structure is typical of a representative democracy in which people are delineate by parties and balloting for leaders that they feel will work towards their best interests. (Miroff) In reality, the party system is not amply representative or fully functional.\r\nOn unitary hand, part of the democratic process allows for the emergence of new parties to represent the people. On the other hand, if the existing parties accurately represented the people thence other parties would not be needed. People however do not believe completely in the process, which is evidenced by poor voter equipage and voter apathy. The United States has an super low average voter turnout of only 55%. The Constitution guarantees one vote to ea ch citizen over the age of 18, male or female, black or white, etc.\r\nThis is indicative of a representative democracy in which each braggart(a) citizen has an equal say in how the government should be run. If voters do not vote, then the level of representation becomes skewed and the system is not fully representational. (Dine) People associate with not the candidate but with groups that represent their thinking and a special interest. A perfect example of this would be the NRA. Voters might not accept a dress circle of opinions but they might concord one on munition manoeuvre.\r\nInstead of ballot for the person who best reflects his ideas, he votes for the one that the NRA endorses, which in turn strives the NRA and extremely decent interest group, and can influence congressional votes. In elections, political parties frequently despatch out mailers to voters that show which candidates running for office, or which of the Senate and House members receive financial conf irm from the NRA. This suddenly reduces the value of e very(prenominal) member of Congress to whether or not they fork up accepted money from the National spoil Association.\r\nThis is in turn translated into an assumed center on their stand on gun control, while all other issues and stands that they have on those issues are suddenly make unimportant. Their total worth relates to their assumed lay on guns. The government in this depicted object is reflecting the will of the big interest up to now though its a single issue. A politician who might reflect very little of his communities values, can be choose by that community by receiving the weather of a single-issue influence group. (Berman, Murphy)\r\nSo the question becomes is this single issue the interest of a big group or the common goal of the majority? Who is pressing the issue and which way is the government going. If large oil companies are â€Å"buying” officials with large contributions to urges, are they actually influencing the government or make unnecessary a handful of officials and do they actually dictate policy or just have a louder voice in the debates that effect their companies. Misinformation seems to be the guideline of all campaigns now so it becomes almost out(predicate) to figure out just what the goal is of the candidate that you are voting for.\r\nBecause of that, the elective officials sometimes dont have a veritable feeling on what the voters wished him to do. The power then slides back to the inner circle, which includes advisors who have their own individual desires, and those who paid for his campaign and in that respectfore have vast influence. (Muller) specific interest groups appear to have a great deal of influence in campaigns and in political activities. Campaigns are extremely expensive: in 1992, the average succeeder of a House election worn out(p) $550,000 on his/her campaign; the average Senator who win a race spent more than $4 million. Din e) Presidential campaigns run into the hundreds of millions. eightsome years later those numbers are significantly higher. Major contributors to election campaigns are corporations and interest groups. While some people believe certain industries or interest groups â€Å"buy” candidates through election contributions, it is not that simple. Those candidates heavily funded by the sierra participation or groups that are concerned with environmental protection, will vote in entertain of environmental conservation †they will vote to reduce logging and not to save the jobs of the individual loggers who did not vote.\r\nThis is a sort of paradox because the elected leaders are representing those who voted for them and helped them into office, but this group is a large group of special interests rather than the individual citizens who probably did not contribute and did not even vote. When viewed in this way, the US electoral system does not seem to be fully representative o f the people and is again reflective of a more hyper pluralist society. A system of government labeled as hyper pluralist, means that on that point is a speedy proliferation of interest groups, all competing for influence over policy.\r\nThe interest groups tend to overshadow the interest of individuals. The interest groups are efficacious and influential, but on that point are also interest groups for both sides of most issues. In their employment to win the political coups they each seek, there develops a competition in which the interest groups try to influence politicians to vote for their side. The direct is that there are a number of politicians supporting each side of an issue, there are overlapping concerns that related to other interest groups, and the outcome is political gridlock.\r\n commonly at this point, for anything to happen, concessions must be do with the end result that if any law is passed, it has little real effect one way or the other. The other specula tion is that neither side will make concessions or give up any power in which case there is still nothing accomplished. This is very much the system that we have today. Again, gun control laws are a very undecomposed example. Congress goes back and forth line the pros and cons of gun control. The NRA is a very powerful interest group that does not essential any form of gun control.\r\n at that place are many other interest groups that fight to ban assault weapons, others that want a total ban on guns of all types, some only want handguns banned. The feuding between the different groups is played out through the politicians and very little has been accomplished. purge when a bill is passed, it is oven later overturned. All special interest groups find this ying and yang to the system. There is no large interest that doesnt have a competing self-interest. Abortion has choice. Industry has the Sierra Club and other environmental groups.\r\nThe NRA has anti-gun groups. nearly of al l, Republicans have Democrats. There might be the illusion that the government has been taken over by the special interests and that they control everything, but as we have looked into it we see that the rear of the questions revolves around who exactly is the special interests. It seems to me that they are us. (Peters) And thus we come to the contradictory close that pluralist view of interest group representation is not increasingly accurate.\r\nWhile the publics learning might be that special interest groups are robbing them of their rights, and in a narrow sense, when it comes to a particular interest that effects them, they may be justified, what the public doesnt commonly understand is that the activity of interest groups is in fact acting out in the interest of them or their fellow citizens. The public further misconceives that special interests influence government, overlooking the fact that special interests are formed, as often as not, as a response to government an d not in anticipation of it.\r\n'

'Evaluation of the Role of the Internet in Higher Education.\r'

'An Evaluation of the manipulation of the profit In high education. Today ‘s l urinateer exist In a digital age. A wide range of web tools and softwargon Is available and the Internet offers access to app arently interminable sources of Information. Pupils as well as students at university remove to deal with the technologies if they want to succeed.Pupils in school in general design the computer for typing essays and looking up instruction for presentations, whereas students at university need access o the mesh to manage their daily university routine, their whole rent depends on the earnings. Data bases for course and exam registration for instance, to mention just one important position . Mark Seersucker had good reasons to explore the value of the earnings and establish the social network faceable, originally established for students to get in contact with each other.Even tutors utilization the features of faceable to Interact with their students. The Inter net offers completely new possibilities of procedures to the schools and university systems. prospering registration for Individual chosen courses, blending attainment lasses, online shared Information on specific entropy bases, online tutorials for help and rase online exams are current methods which are well agnisen by any student. schooling materials are being digitized and put up on data bases.And the best thing about it is that the lucre applications and parcel you need are for free, once you gull got the general equipment. Offerings of online force field courses given by so called â€Å"Open Universities” enable students of any age to wipe out study courses and graduate with diplomas. The US increase the resource of different study courses available to students regardless of their location. another(prenominal) aspect to mention is the better situation for those who has to earn money beside university, to afford high study fees for Instance, since quantify ma nagement Is easier and free.Yet, despite all the corroborative things and possibilities that are opened up by the Internet, in that location are always some critical aspects. use Internet meaner at flirts having all the equipment and extras you need and second having the skills to use it at all. Very often it is taken for give that all students possess equal competence with engine room but thats not the case. Some students are counterbalance forced to Join social networks against their good will.Since internet based education will be the upcoming it is necessary to teach pupils how to use the internet, let them know about the dangers and convey the competence of evaluating internet sources. M. Len. University 2. 0 †An Evaluation of the role of the internet in higher education. Todays learner exist in a digital age. A wide range of web tools and software is available and the internet offers access to apparently interminable sources of information. Each other. Even tutor s use the features of faceable to interact with their students.The internet offers completely new possibilities of procedures to the schools and university systems. Easy registration for psyche chosen courses, blending learning classes, online shared information on specific data bases, online tutorials for help study fees for instance, since time management is easier and free. Yet, despite all the positive things and possibilities that are opened up by the internet, there are always some critical aspects. Using internet meaner at first having technology but that ‘s not the case. Some students are even forced to Join social\r\n'

'History of Christianity Essay\r'

'Both delivery boyianity and Judaism came from the same God. Both Judaism and Christianity piece the same Old volition as our sanctum sanctorum scriptures. The foundations of cartel in God are root in the Old Testament, so besides that of the Jews, for their business relationship and their laws are all in the Old Testament. Moreoer, the wide Old Testament was written by Jews. ‘The unseasoned Testament was as well as written by Jews with the exception of Luke.\r\nJudaism is the come to that men hold back attached to the formative stages of biblical faith (Old Testament) and Christianity is the name that men have attached to the completing stage of biblical faith (New Testament). Mojzes & Swidler, 2002) Christianity as a devotion was an arm of Judaism. It has been said that Judaism does not need Christianity to explain its existence, that Christianity needs Judaism both to explain its existence and what it believes. Hence, Christianity has as well been marge ed historically as the Judeo-Christian faith. In the advance(prenominal) on old age of the Christian faith, Christianity was regarded as just other sect of Judaism known as the sect of the Nazarenes. The former(a) disciples and the 12 Apostles were all Judaic.\r\nApostle Paul even took a Nazarite vow to prove to his critics that he was a Torah-observant Jew. The boundary ‘Christians’ surfaced only in AD 42 when the disciples were starting line cal guide that in Antioch. The term gradually was adopted to secern believing Jews from unbelieving Jews and over time, it became a adjourn identity altogether. â€Å"…don’t boast as if you were better than the branches! However, if you do boast, remember that you are not support the root (Israel’s forefathers), the root is supporting you (Church). (Neuhaus, 2001)\r\nThe exact origins of the Judaic faith are enceinte to pinpoint, and most of what is known comes from the Torah, the five books that ma ke up the Jewish divine text and are also part of the Old Testament of the Christian news. harmonize to the Book of Genesis, the father of Judaism was a homosexual called Abraham, who lived in the midst of about 2000 and 1500 BCE (Christianity and Islam also claim Abraham as an authoritative religious figure). Abraham was born in Mesopotamia and later lively in Egypt, was the introductory man according to Jewish religious texts, to promise to morality one god, Yahweh.\r\nAbraham bed covering this faith among his followers, and led them to settle in the enter of Canaan. Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, was renamed Israel by Yahweh, and he fathered dozen sons, who led what would come to be known as the twelve tribes of Israel. These Israelites, according to Judaism’s religious teachings, were taken as slaves into Egypt, and led out of slavery by Moses. Moses was a Jewish Egyptian, who according to Jewish texts spoke flat to Yahweh. The freed Jewish slaves were recor ded to have wandered for forty years in the desert of the Arabian Peninsula before cave in back in the land of Canaan nigh time around 1200 BCE.\r\nOne of the groups dis positiond by the brass of Jewish kingdoms was a group called the Philistines. The Philistines called their lands by the name paradise, a name for the lands once claimed by the Jews. The term Palestine came from the papistical Empire, which renamed the area as a punishment for a Jewish riot against roman letters linguistic prescript around 135 CE. The term Palestine had longsighted been favored by those who did not sleep together the Jewish claim to the area. Perhaps as proto(prenominal) as the fall of Judah in 586 BCE, Palestine became a term to deny the political claims Jews made in the portionage.\r\nFrom the fall of the early Jewish kingdoms, Jews lived as a minority population in Palestine and the nerve East at large. Depending on who exerted control over the region, and how stern they were about expressing that control, Jews experienced varying levels of freedom and persecution. Under the Persians, Jews were allowed to return to the region and to practice their devotion freely, and were accorded a great deal of respect. During this time, Jews built a trice Temple on the site of the First, which had been destroy by Babylonians. Under the Romans, however, they fared poorly.\r\nThey were allowed to practice their worship, but were asked to harbinger their political allegiance to the Roman Empire. When Jews revolted against Roman rule in 66 CE, Roman troops pillage the city of Jerusalem and unmake the Jewish Second Temple. Conditions for Jews became even worse after the Jewish revolt of 135 CE, when Roman troops killed or enslaved thousands of Jews and destroyed numerous Jewish villages. Jews were forbidden to enter the divine city of Jerusalem, and thereafter the Jewish population was bear on in the region called Galilee. The conditions experienced by these early Jew s had a deep impact on their worldview.\r\nJews express the feeling that only under Jewish rule would their rights, including access to their religious sites, be protected. This brought them into much contradict with other people living in the region. The Jews’ worship of a single god made theirs a minority religious viewpoint in the region during much of the rule of the Roman Empire, but the bed cover of Christianity, the religion created by the followers of delivery boy Christ (c. 4 BCEâ€c. 29 CE), soon changed the religious balance. the Nazarene was a man of the Jewish faith who offered new-fashioned interpretations of the purpose of God and the need for individuals to devote themselves to God.\r\nHis teachings challenged almost of the Jewish beliefs and often caused civil unrest that challenged Roman rule. Around 29 CE, deliverer was arrested by Jewish religious leaders who suggested that his teachings were disrespectful to God and were create civil disobedienc e among his followers. Jesus was brought before a Roman governor in Palestine named Pontius Pilate who order the crucifixion of Jesus, a form of execution in which a person is nailed on a bewilder and left to die. According to Christian religious teaching, Jesus later rose from the dead and ascended to heaven, taking his place as the son of God.\r\nMost of the accounts of Jesus’ brio and teachings are found in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Their exact historical accuracy has long been a author of disagreement. Whether or not the man Jesus actually existed in the way the Bible states, his followers believed that he was the son of God, sent to puddle a message to all mankind. They created a religion based on his teachings. though it was based on the Jewish faith and claimed one god, Christianity stressed the role of personal salvation acquired through the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the son of God.\r\nIt was, like Judaism, a monotheistic religion. Unlike Juda ism, however, Christianity was an evangelical faith, which meant that its followers utilize themselves to converting others to their faith. Over time, Christianity gained many followers who embraced the religion’s single god. Sometime around 312 CE the emperor moth Constantine, who ruled over what was then known as the Eastern Roman Empire (which controlled over half of the Middle East), embraced Christianity. Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the empire, which later became known as the Byzantine Empire.\r\nThe jump on of Christianity dramatically changed the role of Palestine. Like Jews, Christians revered the holy places in Palestine, and especially in the city of Jerusalem. Christians also made holy places out of sites associated with the life and oddment of Jesus. But sharing holy sites did not needs mean that Jews and Christians got along. According to Charles Smith, editor of Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, â€Å"Christians c onsidered Jews to be rivals in Palestine, as well as a people who rejected Jesus as the saver sent by God.\r\nAs a result, the Byzantines employ existing Roman laws limiting Jewish activities much rigorously and created new ordinances aimed at isolating the Jews. ” Though a monotheistic religion was now the governing view, religion continued to be a source of conflict in the region. Christianity has one of the largest and most rapidly growing religious followings in Asia. The end of the refrigerated War and the Asian economic liberalization has boost both the flourishing of Christian evangelism and the rising gibbousness of Christianity in the public sector.\r\nThere is a square(a) shift in the balance of Christian populations from the pairing to the South. A few decades ago 70 percent of all evangelicals were in the â€Å"North,” primarily in the unite States, today 70 percent are in the churches of the global South. The Catholic Church, which is projected t o lose 20 million members in Europe in the first quarter of this nose candy, will gain 100 million members in Africa, 50 million in Asia, and cxl million in Latin America. At the offset printing of the 20th century, 81 percent of Christians were white. By the century’s end, that number was 45 percent.\r\n'

'Lord Byron\r'

'In `Excerpt from weary Juan`, dissolving agent the following: strike 3 stanzas from Canto I that you piece of ass explain. Do not give plot summary, so care richly learn a stanza that lends itself to analysis or whatsoever research. spell out about three to four sentences. In qualified Line, identify your stanza, e.g., 44 (Canto I, Stanza 44).\r\nStanza 5\r\nBrave hands were living in the beginning Agamemnon\r\nAnd since, exceeding various and Sage,\r\nA good deal like him too, though rather the same no(prenominal);   35\r\nBut thence they shone not on the Poet’s page,\r\nAnd so slang been forgotten: †I condemn none,\r\nBut mint’t find any in afford age\r\nFit for my poem (that is, for my New One)\r\nSo, as I said, I’ll take my friend Don Juan. â€Â Â Â  40\r\nIn analyzing Stanza 5, it’s interesting to get hold of as we wonder who else Byron may have considered in this poem he sat dget to write. Was he considering other b rave men, poets, heroes before finalizing it with Don Juan? Who were the others â€Å"a great deal like him” (Canto 1, Stanza 5, Line 35). This stanza fag be more interesting to lecturers who examine the tarradiddle of what was viewed as the scandalous controversial character of his piece of â€Å"Don Juan” and what concessions did Byron have to end up fashioning before it was published. Stanza 5 sums up what he was proverb about heroes in the previous stanzas.\r\nStanza 6\r\n to the highest degree epic poets plunge â€Å"in medias res”\r\n(Horace makes this the dire turnpike road),\r\nAnd then your hero tells, whene’er you please,\r\nWhat went beforeâ€by the way of episode,\r\nWhile seated later on dinner at his ease,   45\r\nBeside his mistress in some soft abode,\r\nPalace, or garden, paradise, or cavern,\r\nWhich serves the k flating couple for a tavern.\r\nThe analysis of Stanza 6 lets the endorser in that Byron is intention eachy not following Horace’s recommendation of when to start an epic. Byron is (intentionally?) not following the rules of what at the sentence was being seen by other sources as the better way of starting an epic, which was in the middle. This stanza proves to us the writer is choosing not to write using the examples of kor or Virgil still paper this epic his own way (Canto 1, Stanza 6, Lines 41-44).\r\nStanza 7\r\nThat is the usual method, but not mineâ€\r\nMy way is to begin with the beginning;   50\r\nThe regularity of my design\r\nForbids all wandering as the worst of sinning,\r\nAnd therefore I shall open with a line\r\n(Although it cost me half an hour in spinning)\r\nNarrating somewhat of Don Juan’s father,   55\r\nAnd excessively of his mother, if you’d rather.\r\nAlthough the reader isn’t aware of it until later, Byron reveals to us that he knew in advance he would cheat on in the poem (Canto 1, Stanza 7, Line 54). The reader now learns that was the writer Byron’s intention from the start. The reader can wonder if Byron is even conscious of how he changes some of the â€Å"traditional” epic writing in writing this work.\r\nIn `Excerpt from Childe Harold`s Pilgrimage`, answer the following:\r\n1. Does the Byronic hero know any physical body of Keatsian love?\r\nYes, in that Keatsian love is often associated with â€Å"beauty-as-truth.” In Canto 2, Stanza 9 we read as Byron writes of having loved and it was console in his thoughts although he is now alone with those thoughts. We besides read of this â€Å"beauty-as-truth” love in Canto III Stanza I when he relates of the love for his daughter.\r\n2. Beginning with stanza 17, the narrator dialogue about Waterloo. Why?\r\nWaterloo is current to at this time to Byron. Just a few months before this, the circumstances of Europe had been decided because of that Battle. So it is important that the reader is aware that it is sacred gr ound to him. The battle was fought on June 18th, 1815 which makes this a very relevant event during his spirit of 1788-1824.\r\n3. In what ways is this poem about mid-life crises?\r\nChilde in this epic refers to a â€Å"knight” and we read as this knight is gloomily wandering as a vicious world-worn man. In his thoughts without the â€Å"pilgramage” it relates closely to a man who is going through similar thoughts a man in mid-life crises might go through as though he has already fully lived.\r\n4. How does the Byronic hero relate to character?\r\nByron relates better to nature than he does to humans. In Canto 4, Stanza 178, Byron states this:\r\nThere is a diversion in the pathless woods, There is a passion on the lonely shore. There is society where none intrudes, By the deep Sea, and music in its yell: I love not Man the less, but Nature more, From these our interviews, in which I steal From all I may be, or have been before, To integrate with the Universe, a nd feel What I can neer express, withal cannot all conceal\r\nHowever, in reading this piece, I feel its obvious throughout to the reader that the writer can connect more easily with nature than humans. Because most of Byron’s work is autographical in nature, this is halcyon to understand if the reader about Byron’personal life.\r\nReferences\r\nâ€Å"Characteristics of the Byronic Hero.” University of Michigan. Online. Internet.\r\n17 May 2003.\r\n(2002, February 11). Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from The\r\nProject Gutenberg Web order: http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/chp110h.htm\r\n(2007). George Gordon, Lord Byron. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Bobs Byway Web\r\n point: http://www.poeticbyway.com/xbyron.html\r\n;\r\n;\r\n'

'Edward Bloom\r'

'Who is Edward bill? By: Michael Preciutti Edward Bloom is a hero. He is a man driven with optimism, cares for others and makes their awaits better, and he is a man that wants solo to be remembered when he passes away. It is his charming good looks and his ability to create a friendship with whomever he becomes acquainted with, which enables Edward to stay a remembered hero. But what keeps him most separated from the usual soulfulness is his astounding ways in which he orders his stories. Blooms stories tell of a man filled with courage, honor, leadership, and great strength, any of which are characteristics of an epic hero.As a child he began to show signs of such characteristics when he was pressured by his friends to filch into an old captivatees house to steal her glass eye. Of course, the witch took a liking to him and he found himself a new friend. much(prenominal) an act most vividly displays an immense sense of courage and honor towards his word. In another jibe, th e young man is asked by his township to ward off of an evil creature that has destroyed several buildings. Bloom realizes thought that the creature was only a man… a precise stupendous man living in a very small town.The man’s name was Karl and he found it hard to fit in as Edward points out, â€Å"Most things considered evil are just lonely. ” Such leadership as Edward Bloom creates in the scene is also found throughout the rest of the film. Edward Bloom is a hero not only because he helps people like Karl, or journey’s through scary woods barefoot, or make up because he was hit by a genus Circus ride that sent him flying three degree Celsius feet in the air and survived without a single injury, but also because he is remembered for more than a lifetime.His stories live forever, as well as his life’s adventures. Edward Blood exemplifies what it means to be a hero. A hero is supposed to be courageous, strong, loyal, and most importantly, rem embered. Edwards’s stories had been told so many times that they had allowed him to become immortal. He was a perennial figure amongst those he knew his stories.\r\n'

'Critical Essay on Cadbury\r'

'Cadbury’s Coporate Social Responsibility Businesses these long time ar some(prenominal) different from how it was in antecedent generations. Nowadays, familiarity impacts that corporation has is not further astir(predicate) economic power, instead it has overly gone into corporeal social responsibilities. Cadbury is an international confederacy that is the second largest confectionary company in the world. (Factbox: British confectioner Cadbury 2010).Therefore, they excite a bigger impact to come to both autocraticly and prejudiciously on the society as they shoot a bigger influence and power on the society due to their dominance in merchandise shargon. In this essay, it pull up stakes go in perspicaciousness almost the performance of Cadbury in relation to its incorporate social responsibleness. This essay will explain and fence a balanced argument about the negative and positive impact Cadbury has today on its society by analyzing their â€Å"Cadbu ry Community” programme and their association with barbarian poke.Negative Social Responsibility of Cadbury According to a docudrama c solelyed â€Å"Slavery” on the BBC, it documented deep brown beans proceeds and how it is related to kid labour, in the documentary, it focused on Cadbury, aiming at them about that negative social responsibility that they shoot. The reason for child labour in the deep brown production is because of the prices that argon set on the coffee beans is very mintcast when it is sold. For example, farmers atomic number 18 only marketing their deep brown beans for only a unspotted trades union of money, therefore they would want to gain more profit.The only way to do that is to get cheaper labour so that their expenses are not so high which would payoff in higher r unconstipatedue earned at the end of the day. Since child labour is one of the cheapest labour in the world, it is the top choice for labour to nourish cost down w ould be child labour. In a brighter light, not everyone was affected by the low priced drinking chocolate beans. For example, Cadbury was stillness up to(p) to employ many a(prenominal) pile almost the world and still unploughed their product prices down to continue attracting their customers.However, Cadbury was later seen as a supporter of child labour. Reason being, Cadbury were buying the umber beans from the farmers that were using child labour for their cocoa beans production. This in turn makes Cadbury a supporter of child labour as good as they are get the beans from the farmers which encourages them to continue that they are doing. The consumers later came into finale that the low prices of Cadbury’s chocolate were not worth(predicate) the children’s tough cheap labour in the developing countries.\r\nRead Critical Essay about Skurzynski’s NethergraveThe world’s largest cocoa producer, Cote dIvoire has granted the possibility of Cadbu ry to demand the cocoa beans at a very low price. (World drinking chocolate Production. n. d. ) As they are the largest producers, they beat more control of the cocoa prices around the world. To further exxagerate how much farmers of the cocoa production are getting remunerative, an example would be, for every kilogram of cocoa beans that a farmer harvest-feast, they are getting paid almost the same amount of how much a bar of chocolate consumers pay for consumption. Which in most cases, would be a range of a clam to two dollars. (Olivier. 2012. . This is not sideline their policies that Cadbury should be following under their code of conduct (Our Business Principles. 2008. ). In the document, it states that it is their responsibility, both corporate and social to make authoritative that there are proper and estimable practices to mete out the business. Ethical issues such as human rights, respectable trading and employment practices are considered when business is do i n Cadbury. However, that is not much of the case when Cadbury is purchasing low and un seemlyly priced cocoa beans from the farmers. This is against their ethical determine of ethical trading.Reason being, as mentioned above in this essay, by purchasing the beans at such a low cost, it is encouraging the farmers to hire more child labourers in effect to conserve their cost of production down and to gain more revenue earned. The stakeholders that are more often than not affected would be the children that are forced to swear out at the farms to harvest the cocoa beans. Working at the farms does not only mean long operative hours with very little pay, it also factor that they magnate get beaten often due to muddiness at work or not get together the expected weight of cocoa beans.It also means that they capability not even get paid after working long hours with no sustenance ( deep brown Campaign. n. d. ). By the year 2003, Cote d’Ivoire, which is the world’s largest cocoa producing nation, had about 109,000 child labourers (Country Reports on human being Rights and Practices. 2003). Out of the 109,000 children, more than half of them were said to be working on their own farms owned by their parents. The rest of the children, which consists of about 10,000 of them, are working as slaves or are being trafficked.By working on the farms, it means that the children are not given a chance to go to school to increase their knowledge or to further their education. This would therefore result in a vicious cycle of people depending whole on cocoa farming in order to earn enough money to meet their primary needs. For example, when a child is forced to work on the farms, he will not be able to attend school to gain knowledge to have a chance to get out of the outlandish to work. Since he is stuck on the farm, he will ascend up only with the knowledge on how to harvest cocoa beans.His main concern would be to respect the farm and to earn more money for his family. In order to earn more money, it means that he has to harvest more cocoa beans. Therefore, he will need more help at the farm. Therefore, he will want to get as much help from his children to increase the cocoa beans production. This would continue in a cycle. Cadbury did try to solve the problem that they have made by sourcing their cocoa beans from Ghana, the second largest cocoa producer instead of from Cote d’lvoire. However, many people still are uncertain about their true(a) motives to really solve the problem created.Reason being, back in 2001, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association (CMA) which consisted of large chocolate confectionary companies such as M, Cadbury and Mars Inc. decided to make a promise that their cocoa beans production would be unaffectionate of child labourers by 2005, July. The commitment was made to the drinking chocolate Industry communications protocol (CIP) (Protocol for Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products. 2001. ). Although some large chocolate confectionary companies subscribe the CIP, none of them were able to meet the criteria of the commitment.Therefore, the dateline was elongated and the percentage of their cocoa beans to come from childfree labourers was also disgraced. Cadbury has lately self creationized that their products are now labeled as ‘Fair Trade aware ( just about Fairtrade n. d. ) which means that in general perception, a minimum price is to be directly paid to the cocoa producers which would hopefully reduce child labour. However, this is not the case reason being, when farmers are paid the minimum sum of money for their cocoa beans through the Fair Trade premiums, they will still have to minus off the a Brobdingnagian sum of their profit.So what exactly are reducing the farmer’s profit? They are the administrative expenses, run costs, business reinvestments and other social costs (Fairtrade Certified: Frequently Asked Questi ons †Advanced n. d. ). Therefore, at the end of the day, cocoa farmers are still earning very little. This was just a spin doctoring made by Cadbury to change the public’s perception of Cadbury’s wrong doings. confident(p) Social Responsibility of Cadbury Cadbury does not only have negative corporate social responsibilities, instead, they are doing well in their work for the local communities around the world.Cadbury has donated some of their profits back to the community. Although this is just a mere 1% of their profit before tax, it is still something as some other companies are not even contributing back to the society at all (Working Together to Make a expiration in the Community n. d. ). Cadbury also has a community that helps in the society’s health, welfare, enterprise, education and environmental sustainability. For example, Cadbury’s â€Å"Miles for Smiles” event involves employees to walk between their two factories and rise funds for to raise funds for the less gilt.Adding on, Cadbury has also donated to charities, sponsored to countries to help with their developments, developed programmes to help the less fortunate around the world. All these work was done voluntarily by Cadbury. Therefore, it displays the positive side of their company’s social responsibility to give back to the society. expiry Although Cadbury has done many negative impacts on the society, they had their fair share of making the world a fall in place by contributing back to the society as much as they can.Some of the public might still find that Cadbury has a lack of empathy towards ethical issues such as child labour. This might affect Cadbury’s reputation as this would be a hard point to erase form the consumer’s mind. Which means that no matter how much positive things that Cadbury does, at the back of the consumer’s mind, they will invariably remember the negative impact that Cadbury had caused that i s now hard to resolve. And although Cadbury is trying hard to contribute back positively to the society, the public might see is as a way for Cadbury to advertise themselves more.Therefore, in order to keep up the good reputation and try to win over more of the public to view them positively, Cadbury has to keep up with their moral integrity and ethical guidelines, which is seen as a positive action by the public. Work Cited About Fairtrade. n. d. http://www. fairtrade. com. au/about (accessed heroic 31, 2010) Cocoa Campaign. n. d. http://www. laborrights. org/stop-child-labor/cocoa-campaign (accessed terrific 30, 2010) Country Reports on Human Rights and Practices. 2003. http://www. state. gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27723. htm (accessed dread 30, 2010)Factbox: British confectioner Cadbury. 2010. http://uk. reuters. com/article/idINTRE60D1XX20100114? pageNumber=2=0=true (accessed August 30, 2010) Fairtrade Certified: Frequently Asked Questions †Advanced. n. d. http://www. tra nsfairusa. org/ sum/resources/faq-advanced. php#individuals (accessed August 31, 2010) Our Business Principles. 2008. http://collaboration. cadbury. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/English%20Booklet. pdf (accessed August 30, 2010) Olivier, M. 2012. tusk Coast Cocoa Farmers to Put Pay plagiarise in Crop Output. http://www. bloomberg. om/news/2012-10-05/ivory-coast-cocoa-farmers-to-put-pay-raise-in-crop-production. html (accessed April 2, 2013). Protocol for Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products. 2001. http://www. cocoainitiative. org/images/stories/pdf/harkin%20engel%20protocol. pdf (accessed August 31, 2010) Working Together to Make a Difference in the Community. n. d. http://www. cadbury. com. au/Cadbury-Community. aspx (accessed August 31, 2010) World Cocoa Production. n. d. http://www. zchocolat. com/chocolate/chocolate/cocoa-production. asp (accessed April 2, 2013).\r\n'

'Evaluating the Research Process Essay\r'

'This newspaper publisher will be utilize to evaluate the seek process. The chosen obligate is Pregnancy Risk among Black, White, and Latino juvenile Girls in the New York metropolis semi macrocosm Schools. The research process is inclusive of several sign parts which atomic number 18 the selection of a problem, conceptualisation of a hypothesis, a description of the subject, and the review of separately literature as well as to hit a design plan, analyze entropy and hold open a mop up. The paper will be habitd to discuss the literature and how it is used in the research. What are the considerations for entropy collection and what is the data telling us in terms of statistical analysis?\r\nIn the name Pregnancy Risk among Black, White, and Hispanic Teen Girls in New York metropolis Schools, the data was put in form the use of the (YRBS) New York City spring chicken Risk Behavior surveys. The survey was implemented by the (DOHMH) New York City Department of Health and kind Hygiene and the (DOE) Department of Education. The surveys have been conducted since 1997 on a biennial basis. The data that is used was collected from surveys that were taken in 2005 and 2007. A total of 17,220 students from 87 public blue rails were surveyed. Since this information was collected from individuals that were not of sub judice age, the researchers were extra heedful to protect the confidenti every(prenominal)y of the students.\r\nThis was take up by having the students to complete a survey that requires that no personal information is given. The survey consists of 99 questions and it is self-administered. The data that has been collected has concluded that there is definitely a difference in the sexual application of girls among the ages of 15 and 19 years old that attend public schools in the New York City part. The differences complicate more than just age, it to a fault include race, ethnicity, schools, regions and stinting backgrounds as we ll. Based on the decisions of the surveys there is an intelligible difference in the statistics for each group that participated. accordingly there is a definitely a correlational statistics between the findings and the figures that were used. The numerical data that was retrieved from the survey proves that the data is signifi brush asidet and provides enough evidence to support the importee of the study. In the article the results concluded that (32.6%) of high school girls reported that they were sexually supple in the 3 months prior to the survey. Out of all of the girls that participated in the survey, stern students were more likely to be sexually active followed by Hispanics the whites.\r\nthither were variations in the sexual activity which increased or decreased with age, race and ethnicity. The results alike assessed the differences in each group access to and the use of contraceptive. The conclusion recounts that the use of hormonal contraceptive much(prenominal) as the pill was low among all racial and ethnic groups. Differences also occurred within the different neighborhoods. The conclusion noted that Hispanic girls in New York City were less likely when compared to white to use some(prenominal) type of contraceptive methods which put them at a greater stake of becoming pregnant. It also state that if there is any hope of preventing teen pregnancies, the right(a) information must be do gettable to educate these girls about long acting methods of contraception. Upon careful review of the conclusion it is evident that the conclusion does dissolve the research question as it is stated in the definition of the problem.\r\nThe conclusion is appropriate because it re states the limpid facts from the date that had been collected from the surveys. It also summarizes the finding and breaks pig the data so that suggestions can be made as a guidance to help to prevent teen age pregnancy within the area that was deemed to be high risk. Alt hough the article has significant statistics and data, it is my imprint that there is not enough information to make a decision on the effectiveness of the study. There were several limitation within the study that allows adept to question the effectiveness of the study overall. First, the YRBS only include limited questions pertaining to sexual activity and contraception which pith it is possible that there are unmeasured differences in the frequency of sexual activity and the consistency in the use of\r\nContraceptives which could make the collected data on each group incorrect. There are also limitations related to data that is collected by neighborhood schools. In some cases students choose to attend attractor or another(prenominal) specialized schools that are fit(p) outside of their home school. Another limitation is that the finding for the study was generalized to teens that attended New York City public schools. Therefore, many students that lived in the city notwith standing attended private schools or were in a special education program were not surveyed. The article lacked significant information on any other studies that the data could be compared to as a way to test for accuracy of the information.\r\nThe literature review for the article was used to analyze the variation in the components that plays a major role in assessing the pregnancy risk among students attending New York City public high schools. The discussion portion of this article breaks down all of the difference and compares all of the similarities that exist between black, whites, and Hispanics which tote up to the high pregnancy rate within each group. The discussion also touches on the evidence that schools and neighborhoods can be a major influence in the risk of pregnancy for teen aged girls. racial and ethnic differences have had an effect on the demand and the expectation of girls to become sexually active in the early teen years. Fortunately the diverse disposition o f the study will help to provide the information needed to initiate programs that will give girls the familiarity to delay pregnancy until later in life.\r\n'

'Christopher Columbus Evaluation Essay\r'

'Who was the navigator, colonizer, and explorer extraordinaire that fearlessly journeyed the seas and â€Å" find” the great â€Å" new-fangled World”? It was Christopher capital of Ohio, of course! However, in reality, Columbus didn’t actu bothy disc everywhere the Americas. Rather, he traveled to an already-inhabited land with not-so-civilized inhabitants, and expropriated both the land, and the indigenous tribe. By doing this, he brought settlers from Europe, who helped take over the land, causing circle of worthless and havoc, but also completing the map and transforming life for people around the world.\r\nSome commit he was a hero, and many believe he was a monster. However, one man’s nominate is another’s loss in well-nigh cases. Columbus brought lurch, both good and bad, through his actions, which outlined his character and personality. Columbus’s journey to the Americas sowed seeds of change and revolution for people all ove r the world. much people came to the â€Å"New World” to settle, and native-born Australians were brought to Europe, and more strange tastes were introduced to both hemispheres; cattle, sugar, and pigs to the West, tomatoes, potatoes, corn, and cocoa to the East.\r\nNew animals, especially the horse, changed occasional life for Native Americans, and written language banquet the simple, replacing any a complicated formation of hieroglyphics or nothing at all. Soon, people from all over the globe began arriving in great numbers, and the continent became a successful beacon of hope for many. Of course, with the up rise of some came the downfall of others. The indigenous people of the New World could not resist the conquistadors’ virtually devastating weapon: disease.\r\nMillions were wiped out by smallpox alone, and many were so ill that they could not resist the European conquest. The natives were not the only ones who suffered. Back in Europe, people started suffering from syphilis with the re repeal of the conquistadors. Tobacco, its pleasures, and its insanely secrets were even more gifts to the Old World from the New. As the local population began to shrink, a new causa of foreigner began to arrive in large numbers, the Africans. As agriculture-based economy began to spread in the Americas, so did slavery, and suffering for the Africans.\r\nThus, the seeds of racial antagonism were sowed and still affect our nine today. Christopher Columbus’s character and personality get hold of long been debatable. Depending on how you evaluate his actions, he could either be a hero or a villain to you. Young students today are render with the image of a â€Å"largerthanlife” national hero. In some ways, he is. Without him, the American citizens of today might not even be here. However, it was inevitable that an outsider would ball up across this land and introduce their people to it, and the native people to a more civilized l ifestyle.\r\nAt the same time, the way that Columbus went about doing that was by all odds inhumane. According to a journal entry from Columbus himself, dated back to 1492, he gained their trust and familiarity just so that he could convert them and turn them into slaves. Not only that, but he took over a land that was already inhabited by people, tormented the people so much that there are not even 200 of the native population left today, and claimed that he was the first to push-down stack the land.\r\nAll this shows that he was very deceiving, unscrupulous, egoistical, and definitely lacking chaste. In conclusion, Columbus’s conquest to the New World brought forth change, both for the better, and for worse, while his selfish personality showed through the whole time. Whether you see him as a hero or a villain, the clash of the New and Old worlds was inevitable, and his contributions brought forth a conjunctive and world that we should all be very thankful for.\r\n '

'Does it make sense to believe in life after death? Essay\r'

'In this es rate I will be arguing that you can intimately make no sniff out to believe in behavior before and aft(prenominal) death and that on that point is no humanly logical mood of proving every side of the argument.\r\nPlato acts on the words of his teacher, Socrates, and how he considered the someone to be separate from the soundbox only if conjugated until death. He says that the consciousness influences how we be go and tries to sway us from bodily desires. He says that the individual moves from one remains to another when death occurs and to be born into concomitant bo conk outs. This is a good indication from Plato to show sprightliness aft(prenominal) death because he says the sprightliness of the soul is unending the like an infinite line or a circle.\r\nPlato state that the soul is made up from three parts: the Logos, which is the mind and allows logic to prevail. Thymos is feeling and drives us to do heroic acts of bravery and courage. eros equates t o the appetite that drives humankind to seek out its basic bodily needs. There is no scientific way of proving life after death with this theory is condemn and no way of proving it incorrect so it would be false to say that Plato’s theory is maltreat because it made sense for Plato because they were his ethics, it would be bad to say that someone’s ethics were wrong because they aren’t like yours.\r\nAristotle’s view however is quite an similar in the characteristics but the concept of an everlasting soul to him makes no sense because he believed in the soul being created at birth and death at death. This doesn’t correspond with Plato because he utter that the souls come from the Forms (which is space-less and timeless) so the soul must alike last forever. Aristotle believed that the soul wasn’t made from visible tissue but of powers or skill, so then pointless talk about separation from the body because it just wasn’t logica l. The flaw in this educational activity is that it is impossible to connect meta-physics with logic so thither is no way to measure, see, touch or well-educated what the answer is.\r\nThomas Aquinas once give tongue to that the soul has the appetite for knowledge because he said, â€Å"since the understanding soul is capable of knowing all square things, and since in order to know a substantive thing there must be no material thing within it, the soul was definitely not connected and that it was an individual spiritual union and that it could survive on its own”. Aquinas said that the soul is subsistant and therefore can’t die with the body and cant be born with it. This is like saying the soul doesn’t even last in this form of life properly and provided exists partly with your body and outside it.\r\nJohn rube, a 20th century philosopher said that life after death is no where near provable but he said that a cerebral psyche would be able to accept it. John Hick discussed a theory he had that when you die, your separated soul and body will resurrect and be re-united in a new and glorified form. The example he uses is that he is giving a lecture in London at 2:00pm and died at that pack moment, his living tissue and soul were transported to New York in a new and glorified form at 2:00.0000001pm (London time) giving the contain same idiom as he was in London. Once once again there is no rational way of rationalizeing life before and after death because the soul isn’t a rational thing.\r\nA philosopher, Derek Parfit created a scenario where in the future and teleportation device was created to transport a mortal from one place to another without any material movement from the mortal or anyone or anything nigh that person. The teleportation device copied your living tissue and you’re desoxyribonucleic acid and even your thoughts and memories. Once the copying stage is complete, the elevator car will disin tegrate your body and a form at the receiving end will create an exact replica of you with everything perfectly the same (a clone).\r\nIf you had done this cytosine times and then one time it didn’t work to plan and it would take 30 legal proceeding to incinerate you, you would see an exact replica of you at the other teleportation receiver. Which one are you another person would ask, but the answer would be neither of them because the real person would be the very first incinerated person because only clones were created afterwards. I think this is one of the or so valid arguments because he uses knowledge and common sense in his story but doesn’t explain where the soul went.\r\nI think that there is no logical way of devising sense of life after death because to have sense, you must have proof and because there is no proof of and sides of the arguments aren’t logical there is no way of making sense of them. I think that it is still rational be open to the concept of life after death.\r\n'

'HRD in Bangladesh: Chronological Background Essay\r'

'Human resource learning (HRD)( is the most useful thingamajig for enhancing the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of managers to accomplish their tasks efficiently. It helps inculcate decent values and attitudes among the managers as well(p) as administrators and their subordinates. It keeps them abreast with changes fetching place in assorted spheres. It is thus, an investment in human beings resources to ensure the continued timber and adapt mightiness of the administrators of both macrocosm and nonpublic sector organizations to change and their ability to grasp contemporary cordial and economic problems. Today it has observe to be regarded as in truth vital and a shape for depicted object knowledge. In immediately’s orbit everything is changing rapidly and every agricultural has to cope with such changes. The sinewy urge felt by governments to formulate appropriate policies, function sequencely decisions and implement those decisions to bump the chang ing demands of the citizens, force them to mitigate the managerial skills and competence by dint of systematic teaching. Even the poorer nations of the world now embark upon structure fosterage infrastructure for the conveyment of their human resources in an set out to achieve the goals for wider social, economic and political schooling.\r\nThey atomic number 18 often support in their efforts by supra matter donors, whose advocacy of pricy validation is another important drive for the increasing emphasis on training and the consequent elaborateness training arrangements in poorer countries. With a view to contribute in our national development, a good number of public and common soldier training plants have been vie their intent since Pakistan period. In 1960, Gazetted Officers nurture honorary society (GOTA) was set up in Dhaka for symmetrical and systematic training of the civilised servants. National represent of universe formation (NIPA) was set up at Dha ka in 1961 mainly to impart public administration training to the mid-level officers of commutation and provincial governments, autonomous and topical anesthetic bodies. At the same time Bangladesh Management growth kernel (BMDC) was constituted under the Ministry of industry in order to develop our manpower into human resources finished management training.\r\nIn 1970, BMDC cancelled into an autonomous training institute. To furnish for the training needs of the aged administrators, another training institute; Bangladesh Administrative Staff College (BASC) was established in 1977 as an pinnacle institute. In 1984 the government incorporated NIPA, COTA and BASC to the Public Administration study Complex (PATC). PATC, later renamed as Bangladesh Public Administration breeding join (BPATC), is entrusted with the responsibility of transfer training to officers of all categories. In order to synchronize the efforts of antithetic training institutions and to make training relevant to the process of national development, a National teach Policy was formulated in 1986.\r\nAt present more training institutes like BCS (admin) Academy, Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM), Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center (BPATC), demesne Acquisition Training Center (LATC), Bangladesh Academy for Rural learning (BARD), Academy for Planning and Development (APD), Rural Development Academy (RDA) and National Academy for information and Management (NAEM) are compete a vital role in our national development as the public training institutes by dint of training activities. besides these, few NGOs like HAMIBA HRD Centre, BRAC, travel towards Development (STD), PROSHIKA, Resource integration Centre (RIC), SKILL (Specialized association and Information Liner for Life), look sharp and so on are initiating training activities as privy sector training institutes for our national development. [pic]\r\n( HRD is a process of growth human resource throug h appropriate need found training.\r\nâ€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€\r\nHR Functions: Employee Development\r\nObjectives:\r\n later reading this chapter you should be commensurate to\r\n• Be familiar with HRD programs in Bangladesh\r\n• Identify the HRD approaches\r\n• Distinguish amongst HRD and HRM\r\n• Discuss the activities involved in HRD process\r\n'

'Economics Commentary: Macroeconomics Essay\r'

'Areas of Syllabus your commentary relates to: segment 4: Macro frugals\r\nHaving experienced capsule from Q4 08 to Q2 09, the Canadian economy grew 5% in the fourth stern of 2009, beating predicted forecasts. This growth was precipitated by consumer and government spending, as hygienic as a developing housing market. There was in any case growth recorded in exports, with sectors such as the automotive, cipher and industrial factoring into this. However, economists reprehend that for this growth to continue, issues such as unemployment and spotty aggregate contract must be addressed.\r\n monetary measures, meaning decisions made by the central governing bole concerning measureation and government spending, convey already been taken by the Canadian government, in the sorting of the fiscal stimulus case. This package has in it $12B in radix spending, $7.8B meant to stimulate construction firms, $8.3 B for skills training and retraining, and several tax credits ranging fr om the home betterment ($1350/family) to lowered EI and income tax rolls. pecuniary policy gener all(prenominal)y concerns itself with creating conditions of full phase of the moon employment, price stability and reliable GDP growth. Full employment, or an economic state where all eligible people who hope to name can assure employment at the rife wage arrange, is profound in achieving a state of aim best productivity in the economy.\r\nThe accredited unemployment rate is 8.2%, above the mostly accepted natural rate of unemployment. It has however fallen significantly, with a gain of 159,000 new jobs since June 2009. This whitethorn be attributed the drop in structural unemployment, a seen in Fig 1 by means of a shift from AD (l) to AD1 (l). There mismatch in skills offered by Canadian workers and those pauperismed by firms has falld on the diagram, perchance through training programs. On the other hand, an step-up in aggregate demand, stird by an increment in the disposable income of families whitethorn have also caused the development in demand for repel as firms expanded or rehired laid off personnel.\r\n footing stability is also important for long term economic growth, because rampant splashiness, meaning a steady and prolonged increase in the price level, is cognize to have several indecorous effects. These include the extra cost caused by unsteady resource costs, and money losing its role as a medium of value. As the government injects more stimuli into the economy, the seek of demand pull inflation grows. Thus aggregate demand would rise; because of growth in the money supply, the price level would increase, as described by the short run par of exchange, M=P.\r\nThis increase in the money supply is provided by the Bank of Canada, and included as the Extraordinary Financing modelling in the government’s action plan. To avoid the said(prenominal) inflation, the Bank of Canada has several tools at its disposal. Rai sing the amount of qualification requirement is an interesting contractionary choice, so is raising the discount rate charged to major banks. These devil together act to centralise the greatest inflationary obstacle, that is universe opinion. Thus, as sh admit in Fig2, an increase in the interest rate results in a decrease in consumer demand for money.\r\nThis decrease in demand would be useful in irresponsible inflation once recovery had occurred. However, in the present, the Bank of Canada is seeming to concern itself with slowly change magnitude the money supply, and keeping a stable overnight rate.\r\nIt is nameless whether the stimulus package is the cause of the rebound in the Canadian economy, this may have been caused by market forces. Additionally, the retraining programs are unlikely to have already decreased structural unemployment, as one of their major faults is the length of time needed to make out such a course. These so called time lags are bad because once the retrained populace makes their mood back into the labour market, 3-4 age may have passed, approximately a full calendar method of certain economies. As verbalise in the article, the Canadian recovery itself does not stand on stable ground, especially so given that a significant part of the EU is heavy in debt and America no yet out of its own recession, important, as 80% of Canadian imports are destined there.\r\nWhether or not the measures taken by the government with respect to exhilarating the Canadian economy in the long run shall be successful remains to be seen. However, the average middle flesh citizen most likely has experienced the benefits of measures ranging from tax credits and reductions to documentation directed to the industry they work in.\r\n'