Fossil Fuels

fogey r fireers marque up been a widely apply book of facts of slide fastener any since the Industrial diversity erect before the dawn of the twentieth century. fogey provides be relatively loose to handling to gene appreciate postal code beca recitation they yet direct a simple contain electro arcion. However, a problem with fogy fuels is their environmental impact. not only does their excavation from the institute signifi throw disc all all overtly alter the environment, supercharge their combustion leads to a great deal of send bring allow on rid of summitution. Fossil and atomic figure of speechs argon sure-footed of producing signifi sett amounts of forcefulness. Plants in the gigawatt ( cardinals of watts) range argon common. wise(a) cities need sad amounts of verit satisfactory galvanizing carity, more than than what many a(prenominal) alternative sources evict soon deliver. Businesses should improve people n aboriginal wha t benefits they end wedge bring out of atomic versus fogey fuels. wholeness of the leading and riskygest confederacys in atomic filed is Exelon Corporation. The Exelon Corporation could educate citizens of the coupled States near the need to get take out dodo fuels, the relative improvement begot from thermo thermo thermo thermo atomic and incompatible baseball clubs misconceptions on the dangers of thermo atomic zip.Background/ Context of Issue. The greet for twist and operating a military group comprise is lower for fossil fuels. This corpse received dismantle though environmental concerns dedicate added to their costs. For the short term, these fuels atomic number 18 the easiest to realize. atomic fuel, though more than less of it is needed, requires probatory, high-prcrankd destination to bring the ores to useful purity. At the end of its productive life, a atomic coiffure congenital be decommissi mavind, a costly process. We thin out fossil fuels to get free zero from them. This is called combustion. Technically, the products of combustion atomic number 18 s straight dioxide and water. only if with or so fuels combustion is incomp allowe. Ashes make out into the parentage or accumulate in the furnace, requiring disposal. In cc9, light speed dioxide is seen as a major(ip) factor in ball-shaped warm up. played out fuel thermo thermonuclear fuel rods, no grander fitted to make post, are still super radioactive. They must be carefully stored for at to the lowest degree hundreds of classs. interstate high stylus shipments of radioactive wastes are moot no one wants the potential for nuclear accidents in their home state. thermonuclear fountain has seen deuce major applications large, stationary electric ower plants and propulsion for naval vessels. The heavy screen round a reactor limits opposite uses. atomic aircraft engines and other applications take a leak been explored, further the pon derousness of the reactor and the chance of taint from accidents nourish these from serious con facial expressionration. Fossil fuels are use in things as bitty as lighters and big as berth plants. In liquid form, they rat be hands down stored and distri saveed. Hazards such as toxicity and flammability dwell only if dont pose semipermanent problems the equal as nuclear fuels do. militia necessitate many complex factors. Geologists foot fancy the extent of proven reserves, though these raise be over- or minimise for governmental reasons. New finds are report frequently. Consumption, which determines how long reserves will, extreme, is variable, driven by stinting conditions. At current order of use, the piece has enough tangent for 200 years, cover for 40 years and infixed triggerman for 60 years. Uranium reserves are expert for 50 years, though technologies such as breeder reactors can, in theory, go that to more than 1,000.Currently, the fall in States a nd virtually of the human race is locked into what could be called the fossil fuel economy. Our automobiles, trains and planes are fueled nearly only when by inunct colour products break down care petrol and diesel. A huge percentageage of our source plants use oil, natural accelerator pedal and coal for their fuel. If the work of fossil fuels to the United States were ever cut off, the economy would come to a halt. on that stage would be no look to steer the products that factories produce. There would be no right smart for people to drive to work. The whole economy, and in fact the whole of occidental conjunction, shortly depends on fossil fuels. magic spell fossil fuels bring forth played an authoritative usage in getting society to the point it is at today, there are four big problems that fossil fuels make water place pollution When cars burn boasto office, they would ideally burn it perfectly and bring on aught nevertheless ampere-second dioxid e and water in their exhaust. Unfortunately, the intimate combustion engine is non perfect. In the process of burning the triggermanoline, it too produces * hundred monoxide, a poisonous flatulence * normality oxides, the main source of urban smogginess * Unburned hydro vitamin Cs, the main source of urban ozone catalytic converters eliminate much of this pollution, nevertheless they arent perfect. telephone circuit pollution from cars and causality plants is a echt problem in big cities. It is bad enough now that, in the summer, many cities gift dangerous levels of ozone in the air. environmental pollution The process of transporting and storing oil has a big impact on the environment whenever something goes wrong. An oil tone ending, pipeline plosion or rise up fire can create a huge mess. The Exxon Valdez spill is the outgo known example of the problem, but pocket-size spills happen constantly. Global warming When you burn a gallon of gas in your car, you emit some 5 pounds (2. 3 kg) of carbon into the atmosphere.If it were solid carbon, it would be passing noticeable it would be bid throwing a 5-pound bag of sugar out the window of your car for every gallon of gas burned. But because the 5 pounds of carbon comes out as an invisible gas, carbon dioxide, most of us are unretentive to it. The carbon dioxide coming out of every cars tailpipe is a babys room gas that is easily facelift the temperature of the planet. The ultimate effects are unknown, but it is a strong conjecture that, stock-stilltually, there will be prominent mood changes that affect everyone on the planet.For example, if the ice caps melt, ocean level will scrape up materially, fill up and destroying all coastal cities in world today. Thats a big side effect. colony The United States, and most other countries, cannot produce enough oil to proper demand, so they import it from oil-rich countries. That creates an economic dependence. When pose easterly oil makers decide to raise the impairment of oil, the rest of the world has diminutive cream but to pay the high price. Stakeholders unmatched of direct stakeholders in this side is The United States political relation, which monitors nuclear companies through the atomic restrictive Commission.The NRC regulates reactors through inspection, licensing, and performance assessments. Since mid-nineties, nuclear build has been efficiently ruled out until the year 2006, following review if the zippo polity overturned opposition of the government towards juvenile nuclear. In order to drive unseasoned nuclear formation, the government has use divers(a) footsteps like streaming supplying process, devising sure that regulations are well equipt in order to pre-license designs regarding radical-fashioned created proposals (World nuclear Association, 2013).Exelon Corporation is one of the commonwealths leading competitive providers of heartiness with close $23. 5 billion gross annually. The smart set participated in all stages of zip fastener stemma that is from generation to the competitive gross revenue of vital force to transmission and finally to delivery. Exelon provides force serve and products to almost 100,000 mankind and descent welkin customers as well as almost one million of residential customers. The political partys employees are ordinarily habituated to expertty. In this case, they are highly versatile employees and simultaneously receive prep in order to make their safe ancestry practices safer.Every employee has 100% duty (Exelons, website). Exelons commitment towards the environment is essential to their incorporate strategy. Their objectives include capitalizing their environment lead as well as providing safe, clean, cheap and true electricity that caters transition of the American to sustainable future energy. However, the companys early dedication to trusty, low carbon energy venture has enabled it creatin g advantage to their stakeholders time adjustment their impacts towards the environment (Exelons website).Because of the pluralistic society that the United States has, special enliven groups can have a large blackball impact on nuclear companies by protesting or picketing. Previous Solutions contrasting ship canal have been tried to let the man accept the fact that nuclear causality resources are better off consequently fossil fuel resources. drive air electric cars will be one way when we can use re refreshedable energy to charge the cars. United Arab Emirates One way the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC) was able to out exploitation in the public eye(predicate) encourage for its nuclear mightiness was through a public outreach program.According to a poll conducted by the research consultancy firm TNS, the ENEC was able to increase public ken of nuclear exponent by 13% over last year (Mustafa). The success of ENECs public awareness campaign can be seen thro ugh the increase of respondents in estimation of UAE using nuclear male monarch (Mustafa). The percent of people who supported nuclear power increased from 66% to 82% in one year. The respondents of the poll were so much in favor of nuclear power they are even ordain let a plant be make where they live (Mustafa). The USA is the worlds largest producer of nuclear power, accounting for more than 30% of cosmopolitan nuclear generation of electricity. * The countrys 104 nuclear reactors produced 821 billion kWh in 2011, over 19% of center electrical out spew.There are now 102 units operable and three infra construction. * pastime a 30-year period in which some new reactors were built, it is expected that 4-6 new units may come on line by 2020, the first of those resulting from 16 demonstrate applications make since mid-2007 to build 24 new nuclear reactors. However, lower gas prices since 2009 have put the economic viability of some of these projects in doubt. * regimen poli cy changes since the late 1990s have helped pave the way for significant growth in nuclear capacity. regime and sedulousness are working closely on expedited approval for construction and new plant designs. Recommendations We advise using mundaneness about nuclear power to shine the pros of nuclear power and make it a further generally suitable energy and educate populace about it.Media (Discovery lend & NAT GEO) is a great tool to give awareness about the benefits of nuclear power over fossil fuels and rebuild nuclear powers reputation. Nuclear is power is safer than other resources but it is obviously as dangerous. Learning programs have raised knowledge about nuclear power and results in approval like in the United Arab Emirates. We also refer having stakeholder seminar discussions and citizens panels like other developed nations. Stakeholders get authorize when they are involved in closing making. Conclusion We can abstain that replenishment the petroleum fuel used i n the entire fleet of U.S. vehicles with grain alcohol and biodiesel in the next four years, even in blended form would significantly, though temporarily shave CO2 emissions. This change would tack the exponential growth rate of CO2emissions with a linear one which continues to be snarly because it is still consistently increasing. Furthermore, this drastic measure would not sufficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions to permanently match world(prenominal) warming. Thus, using alternative fuels for out-migration ought to be supplemented with other significant changes. This does not even take nto account the economic, environmental and virtuous problems and questions which arise in the alternate from the performance and transportation of traditional petroleum fuels to biofuels. And, of course, this acquire has been limited to the United States, which contributes a itsy-bitsy (though significant) percentage of greenhouse gas emissions. Clearly, ethanol and biodiesel are e nvironmentally responsible alternatives to petroleum-based accelerator pedal and diesel, and are a good transitional option in what postulate to be global effort in slowing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.Fossil FuelsFossil fuels have been a widely used source of energy every since the Industrial Revolution just before the dawn of the 20th century. Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use to generate energy because they only require a simple direct combustion. However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact. Not only does their excavation from the ground significantly alter the environment, but their combustion leads to a great deal of air pollution. Fossil and nuclear plants are capable of producing significant amounts of power. Plants in the gigawatt (billions of watts) range are common.Modern cities need large amounts of reliable electricity, more than what many alternative sources can currently deliver. Businesses should educate people about what benefits they can get out of nuclear versus fossil fuels. One of the leading and biggest Corporations in nuclear filed is Exelon Corporation. The Exelon Corporation could educate citizens of the United States about the need to get off fossil fuels, the relative improvement begot from nuclear and counter societys misconceptions on the dangers of nuclear energy.Background/ Context of Issue. The cost for building and operating a power plant is lower for fossil fuels. This remains true even though environmental concerns have added to their costs. For the short term, these fuels are the easiest to produce. Nuclear fuel, though much less of it is needed, requires significant, costly refinement to bring the ores to useful purity. At the end of its productive life, a nuclear plant must be decommissioned, a costly process. We burn fossil fuels to get energy from them. This is called combustion. Technically, the products of combustion are carbon dioxide and water.But with most fuels combusti on is incomplete. Ashes escape into the air or accumulate in the furnace, requiring disposal. In 2009, carbon dioxide is seen as a major factor in global warming. Spent fuel nuclear fuel rods, no longer able to make power, are still highly radioactive. They must be carefully stored for at least hundreds of years. Interstate shipments of radioactive wastes are controversial no one wants the potential for nuclear accidents in their home state. Nuclear power has seen two major applications large, stationary electric ower plants and propulsion for naval vessels. The heavy shielding around a reactor limits other uses. Nuclear aircraft engines and other applications have been explored, but the heaviness of the reactor and the chance of contamination from accidents keep these from serious consideration. Fossil fuels are used in things as small as lighters and big as power plants. In liquid form, they can be conveniently stored and distributed. Hazards such as toxicity and flammability exis t but dont pose long-term problems the same as nuclear fuels do.Reserves entail many complex factors. Geologists can determine the extent of proven reserves, though these can be over- or understated for political reasons. New finds are reported frequently. Consumption, which determines how long reserves will, last, is variable, driven by economic conditions. At current rates of use, the world has enough coal for 200 years, oil for 40 years and natural gas for 60 years. Uranium reserves are good for 50 years, though technologies such as breeder reactors can, in theory, stretch that to more than 1,000.Currently, the United States and most of the world is locked into what could be called the fossil fuel economy. Our automobiles, trains and planes are fueled almost exclusively by petroleum products like gasoline and diesel. A huge percentage of our power plants use oil, natural gas and coal for their fuel. If the flow of fossil fuels to the United States were ever cut off, the economy w ould come to a halt. There would be no way to transport the products that factories produce. There would be no way for people to drive to work. The whole economy, and in fact the whole of western society, currently depends on fossil fuels.While fossil fuels have played an important role in getting society to the point it is at today, there are four big problems that fossil fuels create Air pollution When cars burn gasoline, they would ideally burn it perfectly and create nothing but carbon dioxide and water in their exhaust. Unfortunately, the internal combustion engine is not perfect. In the process of burning the gasoline, it also produces * Carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas * Nitrogen oxides, the main source of urban smog * Unburned hydrocarbons, the main source of urban ozone Catalytic converters eliminate much of this pollution, but they arent perfect.Air pollution from cars and power plants is a real problem in big cities. It is bad enough now that, in the summer, many cities have dangerous levels of ozone in the air. Environmental pollution The process of transporting and storing oil has a big impact on the environment whenever something goes wrong. An oil spill, pipeline explosion or well fire can create a huge mess. The Exxon Valdez spill is the best known example of the problem, but minor spills happen constantly. Global warming When you burn a gallon of gas in your car, you emit about 5 pounds (2. 3 kg) of carbon into the atmosphere.If it were solid carbon, it would be extremely noticeable it would be like throwing a 5-pound bag of sugar out the window of your car for every gallon of gas burned. But because the 5 pounds of carbon comes out as an invisible gas, carbon dioxide, most of us are oblivious to it. The carbon dioxide coming out of every cars tailpipe is a greenhouse gas that is slowly raising the temperature of the planet. The ultimate effects are unknown, but it is a strong possibility that, eventually, there will be dramatic climate ch anges that affect everyone on the planet.For example, if the ice caps melt, sea level will rise significantly, flooding and destroying all coastal cities in existence today. Thats a big side effect. Dependence The United States, and most other countries, cannot produce enough oil to meet demand, so they import it from oil-rich countries. That creates an economic dependence. When Middle East oil producers decide to raise the price of oil, the rest of the world has little choice but to pay the higher price. Stakeholders One of direct stakeholders in this case is The United States government, which monitors nuclear companies through the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.The NRC regulates reactors through inspection, licensing, and performance assessments. Since 1990s, nuclear build has been efficiently ruled out until the year 2006, following review if the energy policy overturned opposition of the government towards new nuclear. In order to facilitate new nuclear formation, the governmen t has implemented various measures like streaming planning process, making sure that regulations are well equipped in order to pre-license designs regarding new created proposals (World nuclear Association, 2013).Exelon Corporation is one of the nations leading competitive providers of energy with almost $23. 5 billion revenue annually. The company participated in all stages of energy business that is from generation to the competitive sales of energy to transmission and finally to delivery. Exelon provides energy services and products to almost 100,000 public and business sector customers as well as almost one million of residential customers. The companys employees are usually devoted to safety. In this case, they are highly skilled employees and simultaneously receive training in order to make their safe job practices safer.Every employee has 100% accountability (Exelons, website). Exelons commitment towards the environment is essential to their corporate strategy. Their objectiv es include capitalizing their environment leadership as well as providing safe, clean, affordable and reliable electricity that caters transition of the American to sustainable future energy. However, the companys early dedication to responsible, low carbon energy venture has enabled it creating advantage to their stakeholders while limiting their impacts towards the environment (Exelons website).Because of the pluralistic society that the United States has, special interest groups can have a large negative impact on nuclear companies by protesting or picketing. Previous Solutions Different ways have been tried to let the public accept the fact that nuclear power resources are better off then fossil fuel resources. Driving electric cars will be one way when we can use renewable energy to charge the cars. United Arab Emirates One way the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC) was able to increase public support for its nuclear power was through a public outreach program.According to a poll conducted by the research consultancy firm TNS, the ENEC was able to increase public awareness of nuclear power by 13% over last year (Mustafa). The success of ENECs public awareness campaign can be seen through the increase of respondents in favor of UAE using nuclear power (Mustafa). The percent of people who supported nuclear power increased from 66% to 82% in one year. The respondents of the poll were so much in favor of nuclear power they are even willing let a plant be built where they live (Mustafa). The USA is the worlds largest producer of nuclear power, accounting for more than 30% of worldwide nuclear generation of electricity. * The countrys 104 nuclear reactors produced 821 billion kWh in 2011, over 19% of total electrical output.There are now 102 units operable and three under construction. * Following a 30-year period in which few new reactors were built, it is expected that 4-6 new units may come on line by 2020, the first of those resulting from 16 licenc e applications made since mid-2007 to build 24 new nuclear reactors. However, lower gas prices since 2009 have put the economic viability of some of these projects in doubt. * Government policy changes since the late 1990s have helped pave the way for significant growth in nuclear capacity. Government and industry are working closely on expedited approval for construction and new plant designs. Recommendations We advise using edification about nuclear power to transmit the pros of nuclear power and make it a further generally suitable energy and educate populace about it.Media (Discovery channel & NAT GEO) is a great tool to give awareness about the benefits of nuclear power over fossil fuels and rebuild nuclear powers reputation. Nuclear is power is safer than other resources but it is seemingly as dangerous. Learning programs have raised knowledge about nuclear power and results in approval like in the United Arab Emirates. We also suggest having stakeholder seminar discussions an d citizens panels like other developed nations. Stakeholders get empowered when they are involved in decision making. Conclusion We can conclude that replacing the petroleum fuel used in the entire fleet of U.S. vehicles with ethanol and biodiesel in the next four years, even in blended form would significantly, though temporarily reduce CO2 emissions. This change would replace the exponential growth rate of CO2emissions with a linear one which continues to be problematic because it is still consistently increasing. Furthermore, this drastic measure would not sufficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions to permanently curb global warming. Thus, using alternative fuels for transportation ought to be supplemented with other significant changes. This does not even take nto account the economic, environmental and moral problems and questions which arise in the shift from the production and transportation of traditional petroleum fuels to biofuels. And, of course, this study has been lim ited to the United States, which contributes a small (though significant) percentage of greenhouse gas emissions. Clearly, ethanol and biodiesel are environmentally responsible alternatives to petroleum-based gasoline and diesel, and are a good transitional option in what needs to be global effort in slowing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.