Pediatric Heart disease: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a cardiac anomaly that refers to a combination of quartet related heart defects that commonly occur together. The four defects embarrass:

1. Pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve and out lean tract or area below the valve, that creates an obstruction (blockage) of phone line flow from the pay off ventricle to the pulmonary artery

2. Ventricular septate defect (VSD)

3. prevailing aorta (the aortic valve is enlarged and come forwards to arise from both the left and serious ventricles instead of the left ventricle as occurs in average hearts)

4. Right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the muscular walls of the effective ventricle, which occurs because the right ventricle is pumping at high pressure)

A small percentage of children with tetralogy of Fallot may also have additional ventricular septal defects, an atrial septal defect (ASD) or abnormalities in the branching shape of their coronary arteries. Some patients with tetralogy of Fallot have complete obstruction to flow from the right ventricle, or pulmonary atresia. Tetralogy of Fallot may be associated with chromosomal abnormalities, such as 22q11 deletion syndrome.

The pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction seen with tetralogy of Fallot usually limits argumentation flow to the lungs.

When blood flow to the lungs is restricted, the combination of the ventricular septal defect and overriding aorta allows oxygen-poor blood (blue) returning to the right atrium and right ventricle to be pumped out the aorta to the body.

This shunting of oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the body results in a diminution in the arterial oxygen saturation so that babies appear cyanotic, or blue. The cyanosis occurs because oxygen-poor blood is darker and has a blue color, so that the lips and come up appear blue.

The extent of...

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